Perfect

Active Middle

a atus us e āte re

tha athus a se athe dhve

a va ma e vahe mahe

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īṣ

iyeṣa īṣatus īṣus īṣe īṣāte īṣire

iyeṣitha īṣathus īṣa īṣiṣe īṣāthe īṣidhve

iyeṣa īṣiva īṣima īṣe īṣivahe īṣimahe

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kṛ

cakāra cakratus cakrus cakre cakrāte cakrire

cakartha cakrathus cakra cakṛṣe cakrāthe cakṛdhve

cakara cakṛva cakṛma cakre cakṛvahe cakṛmahe

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gam

jagāma jagmatus jagmus jagme jagmāte jagmire

jagantha jagmathus jagma jagmiṣe jagmāthe jagmidhve

jagama jaganva jaganma jagme jaganvahe jaganmahe

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jīv

jijīva jijīvatus jijīvus jijīve jijīvāte jijīvire

jijīvitha jijīvathus jijīva jijīviṣe jijīvāthe jijīvidhve

jijīva jijīviva jijīvima jijīve jijīvivahe jijīvimahe

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tan

tatāna tenatus tenus tene tenāte tenire

tatantha tenathus tena teniṣe tenāthe tenidhve

tatana teniva tenima tene tenivahe tanimahe

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tap heat

tatāpa tepatus tepus tepe tepāte tepire

tataptha tepathus tepa tepiṣe tepāthe tepidhve

tatapa tepiva tepima tepe tepivahe tepimahe

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tud strike

tutoda tutudatus tutudus tutude tutudāte tutudire

tutoditha tutudathus tutuda tututse tutudāthe tutuddhve

tutoda tutudva tutudma tutude tutudvahe tutudmahe

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dhā place

dadhau dadhatus dadhus dadhe dathāte dadhire

dadhātha dadhathus dadha dadhiṣe dadhāthe dadhidhve

dadhau dadhiva dadhima dadhe dadhivahe dadhimahe

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nī lead

ninaya ninyatus ninyus ninye ninyāte ninīre

ninetha ninyathus ninya ninīṣe ninyāthe ninīdhve

ninaya ninīva ninīma ninye ninīvahe ninīmahe

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budh

bubodha bubudhtus bubudhus bubudhe bubudhāte bubudhire

bubodhitha bubudhthus bubudha bubudhiṣe bubudhāthe bubudhidhve

bubodha bubudhiva bubudhima bubudhe bubudhivahe bubudhimahe

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vac

uvāca ūcatus ūcus ūce ūcāte ūcire

uvaktha ūcathus ūca ūciṣe ūcāthe ūcidhve

uvaca ūciva ūcima ūce ūcivahe ūcimahe

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viś

viveśa viviśatus viviśus viviśe viviśāte viviśire

viveśitha viviśathus viviśa viviśiṣe viviśāthe viviśidhve

viveśa viviśiva viviśima viviśe viviśivahe viviśimahe

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śrī śṛ mix

śiśrāya śiśriyatus śiśriyus śiśriye śiśriyāte śiśriyire

śiśrayitha śiśriyathus śiśriya śiśriyiṣe śiśriyāthe śiśriyidhve

śiśrāya śiśriyiva śiśriyima śiśriye śiśriyivahe śiśriyimahe

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stu praise

tuṣṭāva tuṣṭuvatus tuṣṭuvus tuṣṭuve tuṣṭuvāte tuṣṭuvire

tuṣṭotha tuṣṭuvathus tuṣṭuva tuṣṭuṣe tuṣṭuvāthe tuṣṭudhve

tuṣṭava tuṣṭuva tuṣṭuma tuṣṭuve tuṣṭuvahe tuṣṭumahe

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stṛ strew

tastāra tastaratus tastarus tastare tastarāte tastarire

tastaritha tastarathus tastara tastariṣe tastarāthe tastaridhve

tastāra tastariva tastarima tastare tastarivahe tastarimahe

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ad eat āda ādu: aś eat āśa āśu:

as be āsa āsu: āp obtain āpa āpu:

i go iyāya īyatu: iṣ desire iyeṣa īṣu:

īkṣ see īkṣāñcakre īś be master īśāñcakre

kath kathayāmāsa kam love cakame cakamire

kamp tremble cakampe kīrt kīrtayāmāsa kīrtayāñcakre

kṛ cakāra cakru: cakre kṛt cut cakarta cakṛtu:

kṛṣ be lean cakarṣa cakṛṣu: krand cry out cakranda cakrandu:

kram stride cakrāma cakṛmu: krī buy cikrāya cikriye

krīd play cikrīḍa cikrīḍu: kliś distress cikleśa cikliśe

kṣam endure cakṣame cakṣamire kṣal wash kṣālayāñcakāra

kṣip throw cikṣepa cikṣipu: kṣubh quake cukṣobha cukṣubhu:

kṣuś cukṣobha cukṣubhu: khan cakhāna cakhnu:

khād chew cakhāda cakhadu: khid tear cikhide cikhidire

khyā see cakhyau cakhyu: gam jagāma jagmu:

gāh plunge jagāhe jagāhire gai jagau jagu:

granth tie jagrantha jagrantu: gras devour jagrase jagrasire

grah seize jagrāha jagṛhe car move cacāra ceru:

cal stir cacāla celu: ci gather cikāya cikye

chid cut off ciccheda cicchide jan be born jajñe jajñire

jīv live jijīva jijīvu: ji conquer jigāya jigyu:

jñā know jajñau jajñe tud strike tutoda tutude

jval burn jajvāla jajvalu: tan stretch tatāna tene

tuṣ rejoice tutoṣa tutusu: tṛṛ tatāra teru:

tyaj abandon tatyāja tatyaju: daṃś dadaṃśa

day share dayāmāsa dah burn dadāha dehu:

dā dadau dade duh milk dudoha duduhe

div diveva didivu: diś point dideśa didiśu:

dṛś dadarśa dadṛśu: dṛś spoil dadarśa dadṛśu:

dviṣ hate didveśa didviṣe dhā dadhau dadhe

dhāv run dadhāva dadhāvu: dhū shake dudhāva dudhuve

dhyai dadhyau nand rejoice nananda nanandu:

nam bend nanāma nemu: naś be lost nanāśa neśu:

nind blame nininda ninindu: nī nināya ninyu:

nu praise nunāva nunuvu: nud push nunoda nunude

nṛt dance nanarta nanṛtu: pac cook papāca pecu:

paṭh read papāṭha peṭhu: pat fly fall papāta petu:

pā drink papau papu: piṣ crush pipeṣa pipiṣu:

puṣ thrive pupoṣa pupuṣu: pū cleanse pupāva pupuve

pracch ask papraccha papracchu: prī please piprāya pipriye

bandh bind babandha babandhu: bādh oppress babādhe babādhire

budh know wake bubodha bubudhua; brū say āha uvāca ūce ūcire

bhaj share babhāja bhehe bhañj break babhañja babhaṅju:

bhā shine babhau babhu: bhāṣ speak babhāṣe babhāṣire

bhikṣ beg bibhikṣe bibhikṣire bhid split bibheda bibhide

bhī fear bibhāya bibhyu: bhuj enjoy bubhoja bubhuje

bhū be babhūva babhūvu: bhṛ bear babhāra babhre

bhram wander babhrāma babhramu: man think mene menire

manth mamantha mā measure mamau mame

muc release mumoca mumucu: mud be merry mumude mumudire

muṣ steal mumoṣa mumuṣu: muh be crazed mumoha mumuhu:

mṛ die mamāra mamru: yaj offer iyāja īju: īje ījire

yat stretch yete yetire yā go yayau yuyu:

yāc ask yayāce yayācire yuj join yuyoja yuyuje

yudh fight yuyudhe yuyudhire rakṣ protect rarakṣa rarakṣu:

ram be content reme remire rāj be kingly rarāja reju: reje

ru cry rurāva ruruvu: rud weep ruroda rurudu:

rudh grow rutodha rurudhe ruh ascend ruroha ruruhu:

labh take lebhe lebhire likh scratch lilekha lilikhu:

lih lick likeha lilihu: lilihe lū cut lulāva luluvu: luluve

vac speak uvāca ūcu: vad speak uvāda ūdu:

vand greet vavande vavandire vas dwell uvāsa ūṣu:

vah carry uvāha ūhu: vā weave vavau vavu:

vāñch desire vavāñcha vavāṅchu: vid find viveda vividu:

vid know vivide vividire viś enter viveśa viviśe

vṛ cover vavāra vavru: vavre vṛṛ choose vavāra vavare

vṛt vavṛte vavṛtire vṛdh grow vavṛdhe vavṛdhire

vep vivepe vivepire vraj proceed vavrāja vavraju:

śak be able śaśāka śeku: śaṃs śaśaṃsa śaśamsu:

śap curse śaśāpa śepu: śam be quiet śaśāma śemu:

śās cut śaśāsa śaśāsu: śī fall śiśye śiśyire

śubh shine śuśubhe śuśubhire śram be weary śaśrāma śaśramu:

śru hear śuśrāva śuśruvu: ślāgh extol śaślāghe śaślāghire

śvas blow śaśvāsa śaśvasu: sad sit sasāda sedus

sah prevail sehe sehire sādh succeed sasādha sedhus

sṛ flo sasāra sasru: sṛj send forth sasarja sasṛjus

sṛp creep sasarpa sasṛpu: sev serve siṣeve siṣevire

stu praise tuṣṭāva tuṣṭuve sthā stan tasthau tasthu:

snā bath sasnau sasnu: spṛś touch pasparśa paspṛśu:

smṛ remember sasmāra sasmaru: svap sleep suśvāpa susupu:

han smite jaghāna jaghnu: has laugh jahāsa jahasu:

hā leave jahau jahu: hiṃs injure jihiṃsa jihimsu:

hu call juhāva juhuvu: hṛ take jahāra jahre

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subjunctive usually adds a

añj anoint anajā

tan stretch tatanas

budh wake bubodhas

prī please piprayas

juṣ enjoy jujoṣasi

cit observe cikitas

muc release mumucas

han smite jaghanat

stu praise tuṣṭavat

diś point dideśati

vid find vividat

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injunctive

śās order śaśās

dhū shake dūdhot

sru flow susrot

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Optative

ānaśyām jagamyām

babhūyāt vavṛtīya

vaṛtyāt vavṛtīta vavṛtīmahi

jagamyāt jagamyur vavṛtyur

riricyām anajyāt vavṛtyām

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Imperative

cit cikiddhi babhūtu

diś didiḍḍhi didiṣṭana

muc mumugdhi mumoktu mumuktam

vṛj twist vavṛktam vavṛttana vavṛtsva

śās śaśādhi vavṛddhvam

the perfect is used when the completed event doesn’t specify a time

she has combed her hair - perfect

she just combed her hair - not perfect

and the state achieved by the verb is still with us

I have got divorced

I got divorsed in ’73 not perfect

MacDonell

The perfect characteristically expresses the condition attained by the subject

as the result of a preceding action.

If that action (often a repeated or continuous one ) is continued into the

present so as to include the latter, it may be translated by the present ;

if it is regarded as concluded before the present, by the Present Perfect.

Perfect anterior aspect

partially precedes – co-extensive with Reference Time

overlaps with speech time ‘ she arrived ‘

past perfect selects a past time as its evaluation time

present perfect reference time overlaps with evaluation time

past completed action still relevant

retrospective

situation that is obtained as a result of an event

aspectually stative and presuppose a prior event.

a state or achievement resulting from a previous event

actions of varying completion that in some manner affect the present

completed action with a continuing effect

resultative

intensive

achievement verb - stative presents

predicates only the state itself, not the change of state that brought it about

has strictly present time reference

coordinated with present tense verbs

imperfects denote individual / collective ( single-event ) continuing

perfects denote distinct multiple events

stative presents such as

veda, ciketa ‘ knows ‘ ( from vid, cit ‘ find out ‘ ), jujoṣa ‘ enjoys ‘, cakāna ‘ likes’,

bibhāya ‘ fears ‘, taṣṭhau ‘ stands ‘, śiśrāya ‘ rests on “,

dadhāra ‘ holds ‘, ānaśa ‘ has ‘, babhva ‘ is ’

ye cid dhi pūrva ṛtasāpa āsan

our-ancestors-who-after-all truth-seeking were-committed

imperf.

sākaṃ devebhi: avadan ṛtāni

together with-Gods spoke truths

imperf.

te cid avāsur nahi antam āpu:

they even ceased-stopped not end reached

perf.

uru kṣayāya cakrire

wide homeland they-made themselves

perf. 1.36.8

upa: ruruce yuvatir na yoṣā

dawn forth has-shone young like woman

perf. 7.77.1

putra: kaṇvasya vām iha suṣāva somiyam madhu

son of-Kanva for-you here has-pressed somic juice

come here Gods for perf. 8.8.4

• Perfect aspect ( perfect )

Event time partially precedes or co-exists with reference time

‘ I have lived in Chicago for a year, having moved from Sadona’

‘ the thief must have entered, using the back door’

‘ she started walking because she was late’

‘ to be dead ‘ occurred and effecting the present

imperfect

used for narrating sequences of past events, and picks out a specific,

localized past time of the historical or remote past.