Intensive a secondary verbal
derivative
intense frequent repetition She frequently beats
him
Are restricted to roots with initial consonants, never to
dirivatives
monosyllabic roots
only
no class 10
Present System 2 forms
- like Class 3 kṛ carkarti active
like Passive kṛ cekrīyate middle
reduplication ya middle voice
ru rorūyate
passive looking but not passive
or
reduplication no ya active voice
jap jaṅjapīti
usually the reduplicated
vowel is strenghtened
a, ṛ =
ā
vāvad, dādhṛ
i, ī =
e nenī
u, ū =
o śośuc hu -
hohu
sometimes the reduplicating
syllable has a
final consonant
taken from
the end of
root
carcar marmṛj
sometimes the reduplication is
dissyllabic
an ī inserted after
the final consonant
of the reduplicating syllable
varīvṛt
sometimes an ī
inserted between stem
and ending
reduplication ( of non ya
) is
based on the
root alone
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
reduplicative forms in
3 different ways
1. radical
ī ū gunate to
e o
cit perceive cekit
tij be sharp tetij
diś point dediṣ
nij wash nenij
nī lead nenī
piś adorn pepiś
mī damage memī
rih lick rerih
vij tremble
vevij
vid find vevid
viṣ be active veviṣ
vī enjoy vevī
sidh repel seṣidh
gu sound jogu
dhū shake dodhu
nu praise nonu
pruth snort popruth
bhū be bobhū
yu join yoyu
yu separate yoyu
ru cry roru
ru break roru
śuc gleam śośuc
sū generate soṣū
sku tear coṣkū
hū call johū
ā ṛ usually with
ā
kāś appear cākaś
gam go jāgam
nad sound nānad
pat fall
pāpat
bādh oppress bābadh
raj colour rāraj
randh make subject rārandh
rap chatter rārap
lap prate lālap
vac speak
vāvac
vad say vāvad
vaś be eager vāvaś
vāś bellow vāvaś
śvas blow śāśvas
gṛ wake jāgṛ
dṛ split dādṛ
dhṛ hold
dādhṛ
cal stir cācal
ṛ a followed by r
l n m
usually with a and
liquid or nasal
some redup. with ar
al an am
kṛ commemorate carkṛ carkir
kṛṣ drag carkṛṣ
gṛṛ swallow jargur
jalgul
tṛ cross tartṛ
dṛ split dardṛ dardir
dhṛ hold
dardhṛ
bṛh make strong barbṛh
bhṛ bear
jarbhṛ
mṛj wipe marmṛj
mṛś touch mar mṛś
vṛt turn
varvṛt
sṛ flow
sarsṛ
hṛś be excited jarhṛś
car move carcar
cal stir
calcal cācal
phar scatter parphar
kram stride
caǹkram
gam go jaǹgam
jambh chew up jańjabh
tams shake tantas
damś bite dandaś
nam bend nannam
yam reach yamyam
stan thunder tamstan
some interpose ī between
redup and root
krand cry out kanikrand kanikrad
gam go
ganīgam ganigmat
pan admire panīpan
phaṇ spring panīphaṇ
ścand shine caniścad
san gain sanīṣan
skand leap kaniṣkand caniṣkand
syand flow saniṣyad
svan sound saniṣvan
han slay
ghanīghan
kṛ make karikṛ carikṛ
tṛ cross
tarītṛ
bhṛ bear
bharīghṛ
vṛ cover varīvṛ
vṛj twist varīvṛj
vṛt turn varīvṛt
tu be strong tavītu
dhū shake davidhu
nu praise navīnu
dyut shine davidyut
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Active
Middle
kṛ nṛt
carīkarti carīkṛta: carīkrati narīnṛtyate narīnṛtyete narīnṛtyante
carīkarṣi carīkṛtha: carīkṛtha nrīnṛtyase narīnṛtyethe nafīnṛtyadhve
carīkarmi
carīkṛva: carīkṛma: nrīnṛtye nrīnṛtyāvahe narīnṛtyāmahe
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
active
middle
bhū
Present
bobhoti
bobhūta: bobhavati bobhūyate bobhūyete bobhūyante
bobhoṣi bobhūtha: bobhūtha bobhūyase bobhūyethe bobhūyadhve
bobhomi
bobhūva
bobhūma: bobhūye bobhūyāvahe bobhūyāmhe
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bhū Imperfect
budh imperfect
abobhot abobhutām abobhavu: abobudhyata abobudhyetām abobudhyanta
abobho: abobhutam abobhūta abobudhyathā: abobudhyethām abobudhyadhvam
abobhavam
abobhūva abobhūma abobudhye
abobudhyāvahi
abobudhvāmahi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nī imperative
nenīyatām
nenīyetām
nenīyantām
nenīyasva nenīyethām nenīyadhvam
nenīyai
nenīyādahai
nenīyāmahai
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
kṛ optative
cekrīyeta cekrīyeyātām cekrīyeran
cekrīyethā: = cekrīyeyāthām cekrīyadhvam
cekrīyeya
cekrīyevahi cekrīyemahi
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Middle Active
aṭ wander aṭāṭyate
kṛ cekrīyate carkarti
kram stride caṅkramyate caṅkramīti
gam jaṅgamyate jaṅgamīti
car move cańcaryate cańcurīti
jan generate jańanyate jańjanīti
jval flame jājavalyate jājvalīti
tṛṛ cross
tetīryate tātarīti
daṃś bite
dandaśyate dandaśīti
dah burn dandahyate dandahīti
dā give dedīyate dādāti
dīp shine dedīpyate dedipīti
nṛt dance narīnṛtyate narīnarti
pā drink pepīyate pāpāti
pac cook pāpacyate pāpacīti
prach ask parīpṛcchayate pāpracchīti
budh know bobudhyate bobudhīti
bhid break
bebhidyate
bebhidīti
bhram roam
bambhramyate
bambhramīti
mṛ die vemrīyate marīmarti
yaj sacrifice yāyajyate yāyajīti
ru cry rorūyate roravīti
ruc like rorucyate rorucīti
rud weep rorudyate rorudīti
lih lick lelihyate lelihīti
lup bite off lolupyate lolupīti
lubh be greedy lolubhyate lolubhīti
vad vāvadyate vāvadīti
vṛt be varīvṛtyate varīvarti
vraj go vāvrajyate vāvrajīti
śuc grieve śośucyate śośucīti
śubh shine śośubhyate śośubhīti
sad sit sāsdyate sāsdīti
sṛ move sesrīyate sarīsarti
sṛp crawl sarīsṛpyate sarīsṛpīti
smṛ remember sāsmaryate sāsmarīti
svap sleep soṣupyate sāsvapīti
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
सा ओदनम्
पापच्यते
he rice
cooks-cooks
मतय: अद्य
देदीप्यमानं सन्ति
thoughts today
shining-shining are
स: कृषक: कार्यम् चरीकर्ति
the farmer work does-does
गौ: वत्सम् लेलिह्यन्ते
cow calf licks-licks
सा प्रात:
चङ्क्रम्यमाणा ध्यायति
she
in-the-morning walking-walking ponders
अज: क्षेत्रे अटाट्यते
goat
in-field wander-wander
पक्षिन: चञ्च्वा आम्रम् बोभिद्यन्ताम्
bird with-beak
mango break-break
बम्भ्रम्यमाण: पथिक: सुराम् पिपासति
roaming-roaming traveller
wine wants-to-drink
सा नारी रोरूद्यते
the lady
weep-weep
वृषभ: मार्गे चञ्चूर्यते
bull on-road
walk-walk
सा तम्
सत्याय पाप्रच्छीति
she him
for-truth ask-ask
मनस् दिनम् दिनम् नरीनर्ति
mind day-in day-out dance-dance