indeclinable
prepositions 2
classes to be distinguished
adverbial prepositions
local sense
modifies verb
adnominal prepositions
not compounded
with verbs
but govern
cases only
they end
in case terminations
or adverbial suffixes
adverbial prepositions
of the
22 used ,
8 are never
used ad nominally
apa away
ud up out
ni down into
nis out
parā away
pra forth
vi asunder often
= dis away
sam together
3
others employed adnominally
are restricted
in their
adverbial use to
combination with particular
words
accha towards
tiras across
puras before
other
11 are used
adverbially and adnominally
ati beyond
adhi upon
anu after
antar within
api on
abhi against
ava down
ā near
upa up to
pari around
prati towards
when
combined with verbs
they are
not compounded in main
clause
usually immediately preceding
verb
but also
separated
ā tvā
viśantu
may they enter
you
occasionally follows verb
indro gā avṛṇot apa
Indra disclosed the
cows
sometimes 2 prepositions with
verb
sometimes the verb
like as to be is
missing
ā tū nas
indra
hither pray (come) to us
, Indra
sometimes prep. appears
without verb in
one clause
but with it in other
clause
pari
mām , pari me
prajām,
protect me , protect
my projeny
pari
nas pāhi yad dhanam
protect what wealth ( is )
ours
verb usually
comes at end
of sentence
prep. usually comes
after object
usually follows
noun governed by
verb
primarily used to define the local direction
expressed by verb ,
which governs a case
there is
uncertainty if prep.
governs verb or
noun
dāśvāmsam
upa
gacchatam
do you 2 go-to the pious
man
or
do you 2 go to-the pious
man
when used
ad nominally preposition
defines local meaning
of the case
not govern
the case
except perhaps ā
up to puras before
connected with the ablative
14
genuine prepositions used
adnominally
almost always stick
to accusative , ablative
, locative
6 accusative only
accha towards
ati
beyond
anu after
abhi against
prati
towards
tiras across
1 locative
only
api on
1 ablative
only
ava away
remaining 6
accusative and one
or both of
abl. loc.
pari takes abl.
also
upa
loc. also
both abl.
loc.
adhi
upon
antar within
ā
puras before
accha towards
with verbs
of motion and
of speaking
direction ( all
the way ) to
used ad nominally same
meaning
accusative
pra
yātana sakhīmr
acchā
proceed hither to you
friends
upa prāgāt …. acchā
pitaram mātaram ca
he has
come forward hither to his father
and mother
kam acchā yuñjāthe ratham
to (go to) whom do you 2 yoke your car ?
acchā ca
tvā enā namasā vadāmasi
and to you we speak with this devotion
preyam agād
dhiṣaṇā barhir accha
this bowl has come
forward hither to the litter
ati
beyond
with verbs
of motion beyond , over ,
through
some confusion
as to verb
or noun
less confusion
with these accussatives
śatam dāsām ati srajaḥ
a hundred
slaves ( beyond ) in
addition to garlands
purvīr ati kṣapaḥ
through many nights
kad asya ati vratam cakṛmā
what have
we done ( beyond - ) contrary to his ordinance
yas devas martyām ati
the god who
(is) beyond mortals
adhi
upon
adverb
adhi gam
come upon then find out ,
learn
adnominal
locative
but some
uncertainty if it
belongs to noun
or verb
nākasya pṛṣṭhe adhi tiṣṭhati
he stands upon the ridge of the firmament
refering to
a person beside with -
wielding sway over
yat nāsatyā, parāvati yat vā
sthas
adhi
turvase
when O
Nāsatyas, you are at a distance or with Turvaśa
sometimes from
locative extended to ablative from
upon
ataḥ …ā gahi
divas
vā rocanāt adhi
thence come,
or from the bright realm of
heaven
sometimes simple
ablative
hṛdayāt adhi
from the heart
puruṣāt adhi
from Puruṣa
sometimes extended
sense
yam … kaṇva īdha ṛtāt adhi
whom Kaṇva
kindled (proceeding from
-)
in acordance with
sacred order
mā paṇir bhūs
asmat
adhi
be not miser
with regard to us root
ao. imper.
sometimes accusative
on or over
extending to actions
pṛthu pratīkam
adhi
edhe
agniḥ
Agni has been kindled over the broad surface idh c7
anu after
adverb
after
anu i go after follow along through
adnominal accusative only after , along , throughout
parā me
yanti dhītayas gāvas na gavyūtīr
anu
my thoughts go
abroad like cows(seeking after pastures)
upa pra yanti
dhītayaḥ ṛtasya pathyāḥ anu
forth go my thoughts
along the paths of order
yat pañca māniṣām anu nṛmṇam
the might which(exists) throughout
the 5 peoples
pṛthivīm anu
throughout the earth
vanaspatīmr anu
in all trees
pradiṣas anu
throughout the
regions
sequence in time after or
(with plurals) throughout
pūrvām anu prayatim
after the first presentment
anu dyūn
throughout the
days day after day
conformity after
- in accordance with
svam anu vratam
according to his own
ordinance
amṛtān anu
after the manner of
immortals
anu joṣam
for ( to suit)
you enjoyment
antar between
adverb between within into
antas car
move between or
within
antaḥ paś
look into
antar gā
go between separate
antar-vidvān
knowing ( the
difference) between distinguishing
adnominal much more
used to adverb
with locative within amoung
antaḥ samudre
within the
ocean
apsu antar
within the waters
antar deveṣu
amoung the gods
garbhe antaḥ
within the womb
mātṛtamāsu antaḥ
in the best of mothers
from locative
extends to a
few ablatives from within
antar aśmanaḥ
from within the rock
eṣā yayau
paramāt antaḥ adreḥ
it has
come from the highest stone
from locative
extends to some
accusatives
between (expressing both
motion and rest)
usually with
dual types
mahān sadhasthe dhruva ā niṣattas antar dyāvā
the great one who has sat down
in the
firm seat between toe two worlds
indra it somapā ekaḥ…..
antar devān martyāms
ca
indra is the one Soma-drinker
(
between) among the
gods and mortals
api upon
adverb into
api gam
go into
enter
on over
up
api dhā
put upon
close up
api nah
tie up
api-ripta
smeared over
= blind
adnominal rare locative only on
ayam ,
agne, tve api yam yajñam cakṛmā vayam
this (is), O Agni,
the sacrifice which we have offered
on you
abhi towards
with verbs of
motion
adverb
abhi dru
run towards
makes
verbs of action transitive
krand roar abhi krand
roar at
with bhū sense of superiority
abhi bhū
overcome
adnominal accusative only
to
ud īrṣva nāri abhi jīvalokam
arise, O woman,
to the world of the living
sense of
over ( implying dominion )
viśvā yas carṣaṇīr abhi
who (is) over
all men
ava down
adverb down
ava gam
come down
extended sense
of away off
ava sṛj
discharge
adnominal very
rare with ablative
down from
vṛṣṭim ava divaḥ invatam
send rain
down from heaven
inv c1
go
ye te panthānas
ava
divaḥ
which (are) your
paths down from
the sky
ā near
adverb expressing either
physical or mental
motion
near hither
towards to upon
ā aj
drive hither
ā krand
cry to
ā
dhī
think upon attend
to
when used
with verbs expressing
rest or occurrence in
at
ā kṣi
dwell in
ā jan
be born
at a place
adnominal regularly follows
the case locative on
in at to
upastha ā
on the
lap
dadhuṣ ṭvā bhṛgavas mānuṣeṣu ā
the Bhṛgus
brought you to men
from locative
extended to ablative from
on
parvatāt ā
from (on) the mountain
also away
from
yas cit dhi tvā
bahubhyas ā sutāvām āvivāsati
vā c2/4
blow desiderative
who entices you away from many
(others) with his Soma draught
sometimes extended
to express preference
yas te sakhibhyas ā varam
who is a boon to you
(in distinction) from friends
who is better
to you then
friends
before ablative
up to
yatī giribhyas ā samudrāt
going from the
mountains up to the sea
ā nimrucaḥ
till sunset
extended to
accusative to upon
expresses goal of
verbs of motion
antar īyase …
yuṣmāms ca devān viśa ā
ca martān
you go
mediating to you, the gods,
and
to the people, the mortals
mātarā sīdatām barhir ā
let the 2 mothers
seat themselves upon the litter
ehi ā naḥ
come hither to us
devānām vakṣi
priyam ā sadhastham
bring (it) to the
dear abode of the gods vah
c2
in closer connexion with nouns
expresses purpose in the phrase
joṣam ā
for enjoyment
varam ā
for pleasure
upa up to
adverb akin to
abhi and
ā near to
upa gam
go near to
close contiguity
often coupled with
subordination , inferiority
upa sad
sit down
close to approach reverentially
upa ās
sit under
adore
adnominal usually accusative to
ā yāhi …
upa
brahmāṇi vāghataḥ
come to the prayers
of the worshipper
before the locative beside upon at
yā upa sūre
who (are) beside the sun
upa dyavi
(upon) up to the sky ( from
below)
upa jman upa vetase ava tara
descend upon the earth, upon
the reed
tiras across
adverb aside only with
dhā put bhū
be
tiras dhā
put aside
conceal
tiras bhū
disappear
ajakāvam tiras dadhe
I put away the scorpion
mā tiras bhūt
may it not disappear
adnominal across
over through past
usually with accusative
ā ye tanvanti raśmibhis tiraḥ samudram
who spread with their rays across the ocean
nayanti duritā tiraḥ
they lead him through(so as to escape) dangers
tiras viśvām arcatas yāhi
arvān
come
hither past (leaving behind) all singers
sometimes means contrary to
devānām cit
tiras
vaśam
even against the
will of the gods
yas nas
… tiraś cittāni jighāmsati
who desires to slay
us contrary to expectations ( unawares )
yas nas
… tiraḥ satyāni
.. jighāmsāt
who may desire to
slay us contrary to oaths
pari around
adverb around
pari i
go around
completely
pari vid
know fully
adnominal starts from
the accusative ,
immediately preceeding acc.
around about
confusion verb or
noun
pari dyām anyat īyate
the other
(wheel) goes around the sky
extends to ablative from around
divas pari
from the sky (which
is) around
tamasas pari
from the surrounding
darkness
original meaning
disappears, leaving ablative sense
from
tvam adbhyas tvam aśmanas pari …
jāyase
you are born from
the waters , from th rock
puras
before
adverb combines with
kṛ and dhā in
front
indra kṛṇotu prasave ratham puraḥ
may Indra
place (our) car in front in the
enterprise
indram viśve devāsas dadhire
puraḥ
the all-gods
placed Indra in the
forefront
adnominal before
accusative
asadan mātaram puraḥ
he has sat down before his mother
ablative
na gardabham puras aśvāt nayanti
the do not place the ass before the horse
locative
yaḥ sṛñjaye puras …
samidhyate
who is kindled before
Sṛñjaya
prati against
adverb towards against
prati i
go towards against
prati mā
counterfeit imitate
equality
prati as
be a match for
indra nakiṣ ṭvā prati asti eṣām
,
O Indra, none of them is equal to you
viśvā jātāni abhi asti tāni
you are
superior to all these beings
verb as
often omitted used
like adj.
indram na mahnā pṛthivi cana prati
not even the earth (is) equal
to Indra in greatness
back
prati ūh
thrust back
prati brū
reply
adnominal accusative only
with verbs of
motion
or of calling
it means towards to
confusion verb or noun
prati tvam cārum adhvaram gopīthāya pra hūyase
you are summoned to
the beloved sacrifice to drink the milk
verbs of
protecting against from
agne rakṣā ṇas
amhasaḥ , prati ṣma
deva, rīṣataḥ
O Agni, protect us from distress, against injurers, O god
sometimes over against ,
opposite
abodhi agniḥ .. prati ..
āyatīm uṣāsam
Agni has awakened in face of the coming Dawn
conformity
prati varam
according to desire
Adnominal
prepositions
never compounded with
verbs
governs oblique
cases except dative
confusion verb or
noun
some govern inst. gen.
adhas below
acc. below
tisraḥ pṛthivīr adhas astu
may he be below the
3 earths
abl. below
adhaḥ
… padoḥ
below (my) feet
ye te panthā
adhas
divaḥ
your paths which are below the
skys
adhas te aśmanas
manyum upāsyāmasi yas guruḥ
we cast
your fury under a stone that (is) heavy
antarā
between
accusative
antarā dampatī
between husband and wife
antarā dyāvāpṛthivī
between heaven
and earth
abhitas
around
adverb with accusative
saras na pūrṇam abhitas vadantaḥ
talking as
round a brimful
lake
ye devā rāṣṭrabhṛtas
abhitas yanti sūryam
the kingdom-bearing gods who go around the sun
avas down from
ablative
avaḥ sūryasya brhataḥ purīṣāt
down from the
vast misty region of the sun
instrumental
avas divā patayantam patamgam
a bird flying down from
heaven
upari above above
beyond
accusative
tisraḥ pṛthivīr upari
above the thtee earths
instrumental
bhūmyā
upari
beyond the
earth
ṛte
without
ablative before and
after ablative
na ṛte tvat kriyate
kim
cana
without you
nothing is done
yebhyas na rte pavate dhāma kim cana
without whom no
dwelling is purified
paras beyond
accusative
ati sūryam
paraḥ śakunā iva
paptima
we have flown away
like birtds beyond the sun
nahi devas na martyas mahas tava kratum paraḥ
for neither god nor mortal (goes) beyond the
moght of you the great
instrumental
paras mātrayā
beyond measure
over
yas te amśur avaś ca yaḥ
paraḥ srucā
your juice which (fell) down
from and over the ladle
without
paras māyābhis
without wiles
locative
ye trimśati trayas paras devāsas barhir āsadan
the gods
who, 3 in excess of 30,
have seated themselves upon the
litter
ablative beyond far
from away from
paras divaḥ
beyond the sky
asmāt paraḥ
far from
him
tvat paraḥ
apart from
you
paras mūjavatas atīhi
go away beyond
(mount) Mūjavat
purastād in front of
genitive adverb before in
front of
samiddhasya purastāt
in front of the kindled one
vājaḥ purastāt uta madhyatas naḥ
strength be before
us and in the midst of us
purā before (
time )
before or after
the ablative
purā nu jarasaḥ
before old
age
purā krūrasya visṛpaḥ
before the departure
of the cruel (foe)
sometimes exclution without except
in preference to
purā sambādhāt abhi ā vavṛtsva
turn to us
before distress
purā mat
except me
sacā with in association with , beside,
at, in
before and after
locative
indra id dharyoḥ sacā
Indra with his 2
bays
mādayasva sute sacā
rejoice at the
pressed libation
namucāv āsure sacā
along with the demoniac Namuci
saha with
before and after
instrumental
saha ṛṣibhiḥ
together with
the seers
jarāyuṇā saha
with the afterbirth
saha patyā
with (my) husband
manasā saha
together with divine mind
smat with
adverbial together at the same time
also with
instrumental with
smat sūribhiḥ
together with the
princes