vowels
m. du. nom.
acc. ā is 7
times more used
then au
a m. n. ā f.
priyas
priyau priyās priyā
priye priyās
priyam “ priyān priyām
“ “
priyena priyābhyām priyais priyayā priyābhyām priyābhis
priyāya “ priyebhyas priyāyai “ priyābhyas
priyāt “ “ priyāyās “
“
priyasya priyayos priyāṇām “ priyayos priyāṇām
priye “ priyeṣu priyāyām “ priyāsu
n priyam priye priyāni
-----------------------------------------------------------
ā f.
jā child m
trā protector m
dā giver m
sthā standing m
kṣā abode f
khā well
f
gnā
divine woman f
jā child
f
jyā bowstring f
mā
measure f
vrā troop f
------------------------------------------
jā jau jās
jām “ “
jā jābhyām jābhis
je “ jābhyas
jāyās “ “
“ jayos jānām
jāyām “ jāsu
-------------------------------------
tathā thus adv.
atathās not saying yes
stems ending in a are
shortened from ā
kha aperture n
ending compounds
prathama-ja first born
śatru-ha slaying enemies han
----------------------------------------------------------
i u
śuci bright
m f
śucis śucī śucayas śucis
śucī śucayas
śucim “ śucīn śucim
“ śucīs
śucinā śucibhyām śucibhis śucyā
śucibhyām sucibhis
śucaye “ śucibhyas śucaye “ śucibhyas
śuces “ “ śuces “ “
“ śucyos śucīnām “ śucyos śucīnām
śucau “ śuciṣu śucau “ śuciṣu
n śuci śucī śucīni
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
madhu sweet
m
f
madhus madhū madhavas
madhus madhū madhavas
madhum “ madhūn madhum “ madhūs
madhunā madhubhyām madhubhis madhvā madhubhyām madhubhis
madhave “ madhubhyas madhave “ madhubhyas
madhos “ “ madhos “ “
“ madhvos madhūnām “ madhvos madhūnām
madhau “ madhusu madhau “ madhusu
n madhu madhū madhūni
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
variety
m
f
inst.
śucyā śucinā śucyā
śucī śuci
inst.
śucā śucau śucā śucau
ari devout m. f.
aryas abl. gen.
avi sheep m. avyas abl. gen.
ūtī with aid often used
as Dative
śucī and śuci occur equally
in number
27 stems
in i decline in ī
bhṛti sustenance f
bhṛtyai dat.
bhūmi earth f
abl. bhūmyās
gen. bhūmyās
loc. bhūmyām
iṣu
arrow f iṣvai dat.
iṣvās gen.
abhīru
fearless abhīrvam
acc.
suffix yu yuvā du. yuvas
pl.
cāru
dear f from cārū f
tanu thin m
from tanū f
uru wide f from urvī f
dyu day
mostly ending compounds
ni-dhi treasury dhi
raghu-dru running swiftly
su-pu
clarifying well pū purify
pari-bhu surrounding bhū be
---------------------------------
irrigularities
pati husband pati lord patinī
wife lady
dat. patye pataye
gen. patyur pates
loc. patyau patau
sakhi friend
m
sakhā sakhāyau sakhāyas
sakhāyam “ sakhīn
sakhyā sakhibhyām sakhibhis
sakhye “ sakhibhyas
sakhyur “ “
“ sakhyos sakhīnām
sakhau “ sakhisu
marut-sakhā having the
Maruts as friends
ari devout
nom.
pl. aryas m f
acc. aryam
and arim aryas
m f
gen. aryas m
form weakest
cases from stems
in an
akṣi eye n
asthi bone n
dadhi curds n
sakthi thigh n
inst. dadhnā
sakthnā akṣabhis asthabhis
gen. akṣṇas
asthnas dadhnas
dhu sky
m f
retains this
stem before consonant
but
changes to div
before vowels
daus
divas
divam dyūn
divas f
divā dyubhis
dive dyubhyas
divas “
divi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ī ū
in some
compounds long vowel
could be m.
declined differently
if radical or
derivative
accent usually
at end
before vowel
endings ī = iy in
monosyllabic nouns
dhiyam
nom. pl. nānā-dhiyas having diverse intentions
roots as
final in compound
preceeded by double
consonants
yajña-priyam sacrifice loving
yajña-nyam leading the
sacrifice = yajña-niam
otherwise ī is
always written as y
nadyam
but pronounced
as i nadiam
stream
compounds of these
are mostly bahuvrīhis
dhī thought f
bhī fear f
śrī glory f
compounds of these
are mostly acc.
tatpuruṣas
krī buy
nī lead
prī love
mī diminish
vī move
śī lie
śrī mix
secondary
some polysyllabic
stems accented on
final syllable
ahī serpent m
rathī charioteer m
derivative ī
śacī might
rāṣṭrī ruler
sirī weaver
inflexion differs
from radical ī
no s added to
nom. sing.
weird endings
accent shift
dhī thought f
rathī charioteer m f
dhīs dhiyau dhiyas rathīs
rathiā rathias
dhiyam “ “ rathiam
“ “
dhiyā dhībhyām dhībhis rathiā
rathībhyām rathībhis
dhiye “ dhībhyas rathie
“ rathībhyas
dhiyas “ “ rathias
“ “
“ dhiyos dhīnām “ rathios rathīnām
dhyām “ dhīsu rathi “ rathisu
devī goddess f
devī devī devīs kumārī girl
devīm “ “ tandrī
weariness
devyā devībhyām devībhis dūtī messenger
devyai “ devībhyas lakṣmī mark
devyās “ “ simhī lioness
“ devyos devīnām nadī stream
devyām “ devīsu strī woman
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ū
dū gift f
bhū earth f
brū brow f
syū thread f
srū stream f
sū begetter – mother m
f
jū speeding , steed
m
reduplicate
juhū tongue
juhū sacrificial spoon
jogū singing aloud
compound
pari-bhū surrounding
oxytone
agrū maid f agru m
babhrū brown f babhru m
sometimes written
as v but pronounced
u in
derivatives
bhuvam ābhuvam present
vibhuam eminent
tanuam body tanū
radical derivative
bhūs bhuvā bhuvas tanūs
tanuā tanuas
bhuvam “ “ tanuam
“ “
bhuvā bhūbhyām bhūbhis tanuā tanūbhyām tanūbhis
bhuve “ bhūbhyam tanue
“ tanūbhyas
bhuvas “ “ tanuas
“ “
“ bhuvos bhuvām “ tanuos tanūnām
bhuvi “ tanui tanvi “ tanūṣu
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ṛ
probably
was consonant stem
in derivative ar or tar
decline
line an stems
comes
in 2 groups
ar tar
both decline
as strong - weak
strong ar
ār
weak r before
vowels ṛ before consonants
nṛ man
usṛ dawn f
svasṛ sister f
ahar day n
ūdhar udder
nā narau naras usā usau usaras
naram “ nṛṛn usaram “ usras
narā nṛbhyām nṛbhis usrā usṛbhyām usṛbhis
nare “ nṛbhyam usre “ usṛbhyas
naras “ “ usras
“ “
“ naros nṛnām “ usros usṛnām
nari “ naṛṣu usri
“ usṛṣu
------------------------------------------------------------
tar
pitar father
bhrātar brother
naptar grandson
duhitar daughter
mātar mother
--------------------------------------------
tṛ comes in
strong - middle -
weak
dātṛ giver
m
mātṛ mother
f
dātā dātārau dātāras mātā
mātarau mātaras
dātāram “ dātṛṛn mātaram “ mātṛṛs
dātrā dātṛbhyām dātṛbhis mātrā
mātṛbhyām mātṛbhis
dātre “ dātṛbhyas mātre
“ mātṛbhyas
dātur “ “ mātur
“ “
“ dātros dātṛṛṇām “ mātros mātṛṛṇām
dātari “ dātṛṣu mātari
“ mātṛṣu
----------------------------------------------------------
dhartṛ prop
dhmātṛ smithy
sthātṛ stationary
vi-dhartṛ meting out
f agent noun
janitrī mother
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ai o
au
rai
wealth m rāy before vowels rā before consonants
go
bull m cow f
dyo
sky m f
nau
ship f
glau
lump m f
gaus gāvau gāvas
gām “ gās
gavā gobhyām
gobhis
gave “ gobhyas
gos “ “
“ gavos govām
gavi “ goṣu
--------------------------------------------------------
naus nāvau nāvas
nāvam “ “
nāvā naubhyām naubhis
nāve “ naubhyas
nāvas “
“ nāvos nāvam
nāvi “ nauṣu