Accent
pitch and
stress
possible orgins indicated by
accent
svān dog suān
kva where kua
svar
light suar
rathyam
charioteer rathiam
tanvam
body tanuam
okya
belonging to home okia
vasavya
wealthy vasavia
double
accent
some infinitives intensives compounds
etavai to go
apa-bhartavai to take away
balbalīti whirl
eka-catvārimśat 41
mitrā-varuṇā mitrā and varuṇā
bṛhas-pati lord of
prayer
no accent
enclitic
tva another
sama some
te nas etc. pronoun enclitics
īm sīm him her
it them
kis some one na-kis mā-kis no one
kīm ā-kīm from na-kīm mā-kīm never
particles
ca and
u on the other hand
vā or
iva like as it were
kam indeed ( after nu su hi )
gha ha
just ( emphasizing )
cid at all
bhala indeed
sama-ha somehow
sma just indeed
svid probably
vocatives
unless beginning
a sentence first syllable
finite verbs
in principal clauses , unless
beginning the sentence
demonstrative pronoun
losses accent
in obliques
when replacing
preceding substantive and
not at beginning
asya janimāni his births
( agni’s )
but asyā uṣasas of that Dawn
yathā ‘ as ‘
when used
as ‘ like , as it were ‘ at
end
tāyavas yathā ‘ like thieves ‘
na not
when followed
by hi , treated
as same word
nahi tvā … invatas for the 2
don’t restrain you
when followed
by nu now
nanu certainly not
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nominal stems
there
is no general
law of accentuation
but
there is tendency
a
ana as
an man
accent on
root of action nouns
“ “
suffix “ agent “
primary
endings
1.
root stems
when reduplicated or compounded with
prepositions
retain accent
on radical syllable
juhū tongue ladle
yavī-yudh eager to fight
pra-ṇenī guiding constantly
intensive redup sometimes
accented
jogū singing aloud
vanīvan desiring
daridra roving
prefix accented
in
ava-sā deliverance
upa-stut invocation
pari-jri running round
2.
a
root accented
in action nouns
suffix “ “
agent “
veda knowledge
śiśnatha perforation
but coda instigator
cacara moveable
when prefix last
syllable accented
sam-gama coming together m
some
compounds root accented
ut-pāta portent
ā-śreṣa plague
some
compounds mostly agent
nouns
ā-bhaga sharing
prati-veśa neighbour
vyoṣa burning
sam-kāśa appearance
3.
ata always accented
on fimal syllable
darśata visible
pacata cooked
yajata to be adored
4.
at participle never
accented when sense
is verbal
dadat giving
dāśat worshipping
some old
that became substantives shifted
to right
vahat stream
veghat barren cow
vāghat sacrificer
sravat stream
saścat pursuer
ant
participle accented
in c2 c6
and denominative
adant
tudant
aghāyant
root aorist
bhidant
sometines a
aorist
vṛdhant
old present participles that
became adj.
ṛhant weak
bṛhant great
and with
lengthened vowel
mahānt great
5.
an is
generally accented
ukṣan bull m
udan water n
radical vowel
sometimes accented
rājan king m
ūdhan udder n
6.
ana usually accent
root
karaṇa act n
codana impelling
sometimes at
end
karaṇa active
krośana yelling
kṣayaṇa habitable
tvaraṇa hastening
rocana shining n
svapana sleepy
some penultimate
accented
kiraṇa dust m
kṛpaṇa misery n
damsana great deed
vṛjana enclosure n
veṣaṇa service n
adj.
turaṇa hastening
dohana milking
bhandana rejoicing
manana considerate
mandana joyful
sakṣaṇa overcoming
when
compounded with verbal
prefix usually accented
sam-gamana gathering together
but
vi-cakṣaṇa conspicuous
puari-śayana couch
7.
anā f. action
noun and ana f. adj.
accented on penultimate
or final
turaṇā speeding
spandanā kicking
arhaṇā merit
jaraṇā old age
8.
ani always accented
penultimate or final
dyotani brilliance
aśani missile
9.
anī f. of
m. action and
agent nouns in ana
left or right
peśanī beautiful f
peśana m
tapanī heat f tapana m
10. as accent root
if action suffix
if agent noun
apas work n
apas active
but
rakṣas m
rakṣas demon n
11. ā
accented in action
nouns
nindā blame
jigīṣā desire to win
gamayā causing to go
aśvayā desire for horses
12. āna middle
participles usually ending
adāna eating
redup usually
first syllable
dadāna giving
johuvāna invoking
some accent
root
citāna shining
dyutāna beaming
13. i no
general rule
āji race
grāhi seizure
action nouns used
as infinitives usually
suffix
dṛśaye to see
redup derivatives usually
initial syllable
cakri active
compounded with
preposition usually final
parādadi delivering over
14. iṣṭha
usually root
yajiṣṭha sacrificing best
but
jyeṣtha eldest
jyeṣṭa greatest
kaniṣṭha youngest
kaniṣṭha smallest
compounded with
preposition
ā-gamiṣṭha
coming best
15. is nearly always
accented
arcis flame
but
āmis raw flesh
jyotis light
vyathis course
16. ī either
dehī rampart
śacī power
17. īyāms root
javīyāms swifter
compounded with
preposition
prati-cyavīyāms pressing closer against
18. u
usually on u
uru wide
pādu food m
sometimes radical
syllable
taku speeding
asu life m
adj.
from desiderative ,
causative , denominative suffix
dipsu wishing to harm
bhāvayu cherishing
aghāyu malignant
19. us
usually root
dhanus bow
but
janus birth
adj. suffix
jayus victorious
but
tapus hot heat
20. ū f usually
accented
camū dish
vadhū bride
21. ta ppp accented
jāta born
rakṣita protected
ordinary nouns
with ta radical
eta variegated m
garta car seat
marta mortal
vāta wind
hasta hand n
asta home
nakta night
22. tar usually root
when meaning is
participial
dātar giving
suffix when
nominal
dātar giver
23. ti
usually root
iṣṭi offering
kṣiti destruction
dhūti shaker m
but
iṣṭi desire
kṣiti abode
jñāti relative m
rāti gift
redup either
dīdhiti devotion
carkṛti fame
compounded with
prepositions always left
ā-huti offering
but
ā-sakti pursuit
ā-suti brew enlivening
abhi-ṣti helper m
abhi-ṣti help f
24. tu
derivative root
tantu thread
but
aktu ray
25. tnu always right
hatnu deadly
jighatnu harming
26. tra usually root
mantra prayer
kṣatra dominion
27. tva
gerundive usually root
kartva to be made
vaktva to be said
bhavitva future
28. tha derivative usually
right
uktha saying n
but
artha goal
when suffix is
added with conneting vowel
a
ucatha praise
n
29. na ppp end
bhinna split
ordinary nouns
adj. and m
substantives usually end
ṛṇa guilty
ghṛṇa heat m
but
karṇa ear
varṇa colour
svapna sleep
n
and f nā root
anna food
tṛṇa grass
tṛṣṇā thirst
30. ni derivatives either
yoni receptacle m
but
agni fire m
31. nu
derivatives usually right
vagnu sound
but
viṣṇu
32. ma
derivative usually right
tigma sharp
gharma heat
dhūma smoke
but
ūma friend
soma
33. man
derivative usually root
in n substantives
karman action
janman birth
nāman name
several m
agent nouns right
darman breaker
accent varies
in same noun
brahman prayer n
brahman one who prays
sadman seat n
sadman sitter
m
compounded with
preposition
pra-bharman presentation n
34. māna participal
suffix never accented
but in
anomalous perfect participle
sasṛmāṇa speeding
sasrāṇa speeding
usually stays on
tense-stem
yajamāna sacrificing
icchamāna desiring
idhyamāna being kindled
yakṣyamāṇa about to sacrifice
35. ya
gerundive root
havya to be invoked
36. ra usually right
akra banner m
rudra
abhra cloud n
but
gṛdhra greedy
ajra field m
indra
agra point n
37. ri
derivative usually root
bhūri abundant
but
sūri patron m
38. va derivative usually
suffix
ṛkva praising
but
ṛbhva skilful
39. van
derivative usually root
kṛtvan active
patvan flying
yajvan sacrificing
stays in
root even when
compounded with preposition
vi-mṛgvan cleansing
40. vana vanu vani always accented
vagvana talkative
vagvanu noise m
bhrvaṇi restless
41. vara derivative usually
final syllable when
m nouns
itvara going
īśvara able
but root
when n
karvara deed n
gahvara thicket n
42. vāms perfect participle always
accented
cakṛvāms having made
cakrus having made
43. vi derivative simple
root accents radical
syllable
ghṛṣvi lively
but redup first
syllable
jāgṛvi watchful
44. sa derivative either
gṛtsa adroit
utsa fountain m
but
pṛkṣa dappled
ghramsa sun’s heat m
45. snu
always accented
jiṣṇu victorious
vṛdhasnu joyful
cariṣṇu wandering
ni-ṣatsnu sitting down
tāpay-i-ṣṇu tormenting
abhi-śocay-i-ṣṇu causing torments