Subjunctive
bhavāti bhavātas bhavān bhavāte bhavaite
bhavānte
bhavāsi bhavāthas bhavātha
bhavāse bhavaithe
bhavādhve
bhavāni bhavāva bhavāma bhavai
bhavāvahai bhavāmahai
kṛṇavat kṛṇavata: kṛṇavan kṛṇavate kṛṇavaite kṛṇavanta
kṛṇavas kṛṇavathas kṛṇavatha kṛṇavase kṛnavaithe kṛṇavadhve
kṛṇavā kṛṇavāva kṛṇavāma kṛṇavai kṛṇavāvahai kṛṇavāmahai
viś
diś
viśāti viśātas viśān diśāte diśaite diśāntai
viśāsi viśāthas viśātha diśāse diśaithe diśāsai
viśāni viśāva viśāma diśai diśāvahai diśāmahai
gṛbhṇāti gṛbhṇātas gṛbhṇān gṛbhṇāte gṛbhṇaite gṛbhṇānta
gṛbhṇās gṛbhṇāthas gṛbhṇātha gṛbhṇāse gṛbhṇaithe gṛbhṇādhve
gṛbhṇāni gṛbhṇāva gṛbhṇāma gṛbhṇai gṛbhṇāvahai gṛbhṇāmahai
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active
middle
at
atas an ate aite ante anta
ati
ātāi āntāi
asi athas atha ase āithe adhve
a:
āsāi ādhvāi
āni āva āma āi āvahāi āmahāi
āvahe āmahe
when
combining with stems
ending in a
becomes āsi āthas ātha āse ādhve
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The degree of contingency
inherent in the indicative
mood is zero
The
subjunctive has some
degree of contingency
some doubt
might you
smoke some weed
should I get
sick, I would
not be able to go to work
if you
were unable to go to work, you
would not be
paid
whatever I
might ask you, you
would do
the possibility
contingent upon
future developments
looks to the
future for resolution
of the contingency
expresses future
probability
probable state
of affairs
doubts, fears,
predictions, hypothetical or
guarded statements
present subjunctives I
would usually / always laugh
aorist subjunctives I
would laugh this
very moment
4
times more often
used then optative
in Rig Veda
adds a to
tense-stem
accent rests
on tense stem
, has strong
form
duh -
doh
- doha
yuj -
hunaj - yunaja
su -
suno - sunava
hu -
juho -
juhava
yuj -
yunaj - yunaja
bhū -
bhava - bhavā
tud -
tuda -
tudā
vac -
ucya -
ucyā
conjugated in
general like an
a-stem in indicative
with constant
accent and ā for
a before
endings of 1st per.
Active
1st sg.
*ni
dohāni yunajāni bhavāni
sometimes in RV simply
ā
ayā bravā
1 du. 1
pl. 2 pl.
endings are
secondary
dohāva dohāma dohan bhavāva bhavāma bhavān
2
du. 3 du.
2 pl.
endings are
primary
dohaha: dohata: dohatha bhavātha: bhavāta: bhavātha
2
sg. 3 sg.
endings either
primary or secondary
dohasi – doha:
dohati – dohat bhavāsi – bhavās:
bhavāti
- bhavāt
occasionally ā incerted in
non-a-stems
as asātha i ayā:
ayāt ayān
Middle
primary endings except most
3 pl. are secondary
e and ai often interchange
ā ghā tā gacchān uttarā yugāni
those later
ages will doubtless
come
yad … na marā iti manyase
if you
think ‘ I shall not
die
na tā naśanti na dabhāti taskara:
they do
not become lost ;
no thief can
harm them
kasmāi devāya
haviṣā vidhema
to what
god shall we
offer oblation ?
agninā rayim aśnavat … dive-dive
by Agni
one may gain
wealth every day