Hero X Gregory Nagy

Hour 0

Iliad 1. 1-10 A

μῆνιν άειδε θεα Πηληϊάδεω Αχιλῆος

¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ˘ ˘|¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘˘| ¯ ˘ ˘| ¯ ¯

Anger , goddess, sing it, son of Peleus of Achilles,

ουλομένην, ̔η μυρί᾽ Αχαιοῖς άλγε᾽ έθηκε ,

¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

disastrous that made countless pains for the Achaeans,

πολλας δ᾽ ιφθίμους ψυχας Άϊδι προΐαψεν

_ _ | _ _ | _ _ | _ . . | _ .. | _ _

and many steadfast lives it drove down to Hādēs,

ἡρώων, αυτοὺς δε ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν

¯ ¯ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘| ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

heroes’ lives, but their bodies it made prizes for dogs

οιωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διος δ᾽ ετελείετο βουλή ,

¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

and for all birds, and the Will of Zeus was reaching its fulfillment

εξ οὗ δὴ τα πρῶτα διαστήτην ερίσαντε

¯ ¯ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯| ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

sing starting from the point where the two—I now see it—

first had a falling out, engaging in strife

Ατρεΐδης τε άναξ ανδρῶν και δῖος Αχιλλεύς .

¯ ˘ ˘| ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

I mean, [Agamemnon] the son of Atreus, lord of men, and radiant Achilles.

τίς τ᾽ άρ σφωε θεῶν έριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι ;

¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘| ¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

So, which one of the gods was it who impelled the two to fight with each other in strife

Λητοῦς και Διὸς υἱός: ̔ο γαρ βασιλῆϊ χολωθεις

¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

It was [Apollo] the son of Leto and of Zeus. For he [= Apollo], infuriated at the king

νοῦσον ανα στρατὸν όρσε κακήν, ολέκοντο δε λαοί,

¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯

caused an evil disease to arise throughout the mass of warriors,

and the people were getting

Odyssey 1. 1-10 B

άνδρα μοι έννεπε, μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ̔ος μάλα πολλα

_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

man, tell me O Muse versatile, who many ways

πλάγχθε, επει Τροίης ̔ιερον πτολίεθρον έπερσεν :

_ . . | _ _ |_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

veered from his path and wandered off far and wide,

after he had destroyed the sacred citadel of Troy.

πολλῶν δ᾽ ανθρώπων ίδεν άστεα καὶ νόον έγνω ,

_ _ | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ _

Many different cities of many different people did he see,

getting to know different ways of thinking

πολλα δ᾽ ὅ γ᾽ εν πόντῳ πάθεν άλγεα ̔ον κατα θυμόν ,

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

Many were the pains he suffered in his heart while crossing the sea

αρνύμενος ἥν τε ψυχην και νόστον ̔εταίρων .

_ . . | _ _ | _ _ | _ _ | _ . . | _ _

struggling to merit the saving of his own life and his own

homecoming as well as the homecoming of his comrades

αλλ᾽ ουδ᾽ ̔ως ̔ετάρους ερρύσατο, ἱέμενός περ :

_ _ | _ . . | _ _ | _ . . |_. . | _ _

But do what he might he could not save his comrades

even though he very much wanted to.

αυτῶν γαρ σφετέρῃσιν ατασθαλίῃσιν όλοντο ,

_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . |_ . . | _ _

For they perished through their own deeds of sheer recklessness,

νήπιοι, ̔οι κατα βοῦς Ὑπερίονος Ηελίοιο

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . |_. . |_ . .|_ _

disconnected as they were,

because of what they did to the cattle of the sun-god Helios.

ήσθιον: αυταρ ὁ τοῖσιν αφείλετο νόστιμον ῆμαρ .

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

They ate them. So the god deprived them of their day of homecoming

τῶν ἁμόθεν γε, θεά, θύγατερ Διός, ειπὲ και ̔ημῖν .

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

Starting from any single point of departure, O goddess, daughter of Zeus,

tell me, as you have told those who came before me.

iliad 8 180 -183 C

αλλ᾽ ὅτε κεν δη νηυσιν έπι γλαφυρῇσι γένωμαι ,

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

But when I get to the hollow ships

μνημοσύνη τις έπειτα πυρὸς δηΐοιο γενέσθω,

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _ |_ . . | _ _

let there be some memory , in the future, of the burning fire,

̔ως πυρι νῆας ενιπρήσω, κτείνω δε και αυτους

_ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ _ | _ . . | _ _

how I will set the ships on fire and kill

Αργείους παρα νηυσιν ατυζομένους ̔υπο καπνοῦ .

_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

the Argives right by their ships, confounded as they will be by the smoke.

iliad 18 54 – 62 D

ώ μοι εγω δειλή, ώ μοι δυσαριστοτόκεια,

_ _ | _ _ | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

Ah me, the pitiful one! Ah me, the mother, so sad it is, of the very best.

ἥ τ᾽ επει αρ τέκον ̔υιον αμύμονά τε κρατερόν τε

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

gave birth to a faultless and strong son,

έξοχον ἡρώων: ̔ο δ᾽ ανέδραμεν έρνεϊ ῖσος :

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ .. | _ _

the very best of heroes. And he shot up equal to a seedling

τον μεν εγω θρέψασα φυτον ̔ως γουνῷ αλωῆς

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ _ | _ _ | _ _

I nurtured him like a shoot in the choicest spot of the orchard,

νηυσιν επιπροέηκα κορωνίσιν Ίλιον είσω

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ .. | _ _

only to send him off on curved ships to Troy, to fight Trojan men.

Τρωσι μαχησόμενον: τον δ᾽ ουχ ̔υποδέξομαι αῦτις

_ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

And I will never be welcoming him

οίκαδε νοστήσαντα δόμον Πηλήϊον είσω .

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ _ | _.. | _ _

back home as returning warrior, back to the House of Peleus.

όφρα δέ μοι ζώει και ̔ορᾷ φάος ηελίοιο

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . |_ _

And as long as he lives and sees the light of the sun,

άχνυται, ουδέ τί ̔οι δύναμαι χραισμῆσαι ιοῦσα.

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ _ | _ _

he will have sorrow , and though I go to him I cannot help him.

Pindar isthmian 56 – 60 E

iliad 9. 410 – 416 F

μήτηρ γάρ τέ μέ φησι θεα Θέτις αργυρόπεζα

_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

My mother Thetis, goddess with silver steps, tells me that

διχθαδίᾱς κῆρας φερέμεν θανάτοιο τέλος δέ.

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

I carry the burden

of two different fated ways leading to the final moment of death.

ει μέν κ᾽ αῦθι μένων Τρώων πόλιν αμφιμάχωμαι,

_ _ | _ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

If I stay here and fight at the walls of the city of the Trojans,

ώλετο μέν μοι νόστος, αταρ κλέος άφθιτον έσται :

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

then my safe homecoming will be destroyed for me,

but I will have a glory that is imperishable

ει δέ κεν οίκαδ᾽ ἵκωμι φίλην ες πατρίδα γαῖαν ,

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ _

Whereas if I go back home, returning to the dear

land of my forefathers,

ὤλετό μοι κλέος ἐσθλόν, ἐπὶ δηρὸν δέ μοι αἰὼν

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . |_ _ | _ . . | _ _

then it is my glory, genuine as it is,

that will be destroyed for me, but my life force will then

ἔσσεται, οὐδέ κέ μ᾽ ὦκα τέλος θανάτοιο κιχείη.

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

last me a long time, and the final moment of death

will not be swift in catching up with me.

Plato Ion 535b-c G

Σωκράτης

ἔχε δή μοι τόδε εἰπέ, ὦ Ἴων,

καὶ μὴ ἀποκρύψῃ ὅτι ἄν σε ἔρωμαι:

ὅταν εὖ εἴπῃς ἔπη καὶ ἐκπλήξῃς μάλιστα τοὺς θεωμένους,

ἢ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα ὅταν ἐπὶ τὸν οὐδὸν ἐφαλλόμενον ᾁδῃς,

ἐκφανῆ γιγνόμενον τοῖς μνηστῆρσι

καὶ ἐκχέοντα τοὺς ὀιστοὺς πρὸ τῶν ποδῶν,

ἢ Ἀχιλλέα ἐπὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα ὁρμῶντα,

ἢ καὶ τῶν περὶ Ἀνδρομάχην ἐλεινῶν τι ἢ περὶ Ἑκάβην ἢ περὶ Πρίαμον,

τότε πότερον ἔμφρων εἶ ἢ ἔξω

[535ξ] σαυτοῦ γίγνῃ

καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πράγμασιν οἴεταί σου εἶναι ἡ ψυχὴ οἷς λέγεις ἐνθουσιάζουσα,

ἢ ἐν Ἰθάκῃ οὖσιν ἢ ἐν Τροίᾳ ἢ ὅπως ἂν καὶ τὰ ἔπη ἔχῃ;

Ἴων

ὡς ἐναργές μοι τοῦτο, ὦ Σώκρατες, τὸ τεκμήριον εἶπες:

οὐ γάρ σε ἀποκρυψάμενος ἐρῶ.

ἐγὼ γὰρ ὅταν ἐλεινόν τι λέγω, δακρύων ἐμπίμπλανταί μου οἱ ὀφθαλμοί:

ὅταν τε φοβερὸν ἢ δεινόν, ὀρθαὶ αἱ τρίχες ἵστανται ὑπὸ φόβου

καὶ ἡ καρδία πηδᾷ.

Plato ion 535e H

[535ε]

Ἴων

καὶ μάλα καλῶς οἶδα:

καθορῶ γὰρ ἑκάστοτε αὐτοὺς ἄνωθεν ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος κλάοντάς τε καὶ δεινὸν ἐμβλέποντας καὶ συνθαμβοῦντας τοῖς λεγομένοις.

δεῖ γάρ με καὶ σφόδρ᾽ αὐτοῖς τὸν νοῦν προσέχειν:

ὡς ἐὰν μὲν κλάοντας αὐτοὺς καθίσω,

αὐτὸς γελάσομαι ἀργύριον λαμβάνων,

ἐὰν δὲ γελῶντας, αὐτὸς κλαύσομαι ἀργύριον ἀπολλύς.

Σωκράτης

οἶσθα οὖν ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ θεατὴς τῶν δακτυλίων ὁ ἔσχατος,

ὧν ἐγὼ ἔλεγον ὑπὸ τῆς Ἡρακλειώτιδος λίθου ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων τὴν δύναμιν λαμβάνειν; ὁ δὲ μέσος σὺ ὁ

46-49

έκλαγξαν δ᾽ άρ᾽ οϊστοι επ᾽ ώμων χωομένοιο ,

_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ _

and on his shoulders the arrows made a sound with the rage

αυτοῦ κινηθέντος: ̔ο δ᾽ ήϊε νυκτὶ εοικώς .

¯ ¯ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘|¯ ¯

that trembled within him; his face was as dark as night.

ἕζετ᾽ έπειτ᾽ απάνευθε νεῶν, μετα δ᾽ ιον ἕηκε :

¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘| ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ¯

He sat himself down away from the ships, and he shot his arrow in the midst of them:

δεινη δε κλαγγη γένετ᾽ αργυρέοιο βιοῖο:

¯ ¯ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ˘ ˘ |¯ ¯

there was a terrible sound from the silver bow.

186

ὅσσον φέρτερός ειμι σέθεν, στυγέῃ δε και άλλος

_ _ | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . |_ . . | _ _

so that any one else will draw back

ῖσον εμοι φάσθαι και ̔ομοιωθήμεναι άντην.

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ _ | _ . . | _ _

within his shaggy chest was divided

̔ως φάτο: Πηλεΐωνι δ᾽ άχος γένετ᾽, εν δέ ̔οi ῆτορ

_ . . | _ .. |_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

whether to draw the sharp sword at his thigh

στήθεσσιν λασίοισι διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν ,

_ _ | _ . . |_ . . | _ . . | _ _ | _ _

190

η ὅ γε φάσγανον οξυ ερυσσάμενος παρα μηροῦ

_ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ . . | _ _

τους μεν αναστήσειεν, ὃ δ᾽ Ατρεΐδην εναρίζοι ,

_ . . | _ _ |_ . . | _ . .| _ . . | _ _

192

ῆε χόλον παύσειεν ερητύσειέ τε θυμόν .

_ . . | _ _ | _ . . |_ _ | _ . . | _ _