5  forms take Reduplication

 

             3rd class        Perfect        an Aorist        desiderative         intensive

                                   -----------------------------------------

 

·               first syllable            budh          percieve       bu-budh

 

·               aspirated                bhī      fear    bi-bhī      -      dhā     put   da-dhā

 

·               gutterals                gam     go      ja-gam     -      khan    dig   ca-khan

 

·               2 consonants          kram      stride     ca-kram

 

·               sibilant followed by hard cononant           sthā     stand    ta-sthā

        skand   leap   ca-skand   - svaj   embrace   sa-svaj  -   smi   smile   si-ṣmi

 

·                if  radical  vowel  is  long,   it  is  shortened  in  the  redup.

           give     da-dā       -     rādh     succeed      ra-rādh

                 ---------------------------------------------------------

 

     3rd  class

 

                 ṛṛ       to        i       ---    bhṛ   bear    bi-bharti    -     pṛṛ   fill   piparti 

                                 ----------------------------------------------------------------

      Perfect

 

               ṛṛ      to      a    ā     ---        kṛ        ca-kṛ      -      tṛṛ       ta-tṛ

                                                 klp       cā-klp     -                  ār

   initial  a    ā     to    ā    ---      an       breath          ān  

 

   initial   i    u   to   ī    ū    ---      uc       be pleased      ūciṣe 

 

  containing   ya    va     to    i      u      ---    tyaj      ti-tyaj   -     yaj    i-yaj

                                                                    vac      u-vac  -  vad    u-vad

                                                                    vah     u-vah  -  svap   su-ṣvap

                   -------------------------------------------------------------

    Intensive

 

               i   ī         =        e 

                            diś      dediś,                      nenī,              śuc    śośuc

               u  ū        =       o                 

                            nu    nonu,                    bhū    bobhū

               

              a   ā           ṛṛ          =        ā                       sibilants, mutes

                            kāś     cākaś            pat    pāpat                 gam    jāgam

                            gṛ     jāgṛ                  dṛ      dādṛ            

                            dhṛ     dādhṛ             cal     cācal

                                           ---------------

                             kṛ    carkṛ              kṛṣ    carkṛṣ               dṛ   dardṛ

                            dhṛ   dardhṛ           hṛṣ   jarhṛṣ                 car   carcar

                            phar   parphar       cal   calcal                 daṃś    dandas     

                            gam   jaṅgam        jambh   jañjab          tan   taṃstan

                                            -----------------

                  gam   ganīgam           han   ghanīghan            krand   kanikrand

                  skand   kaniṣkand       bhṛ   bharībhṛ                vṛt   varīvṛt

                  dhū      davidhv           dyut   davidyut

                              -------------------------------------------------------------------

   Desiderative

 

                  i

                         jyā   jijyāsa             miś   mimikṣa                 prī   piprīṣa

                         vṛt    vivṛtsa            huh   jugukṣa                  bhū   bubhūṣa

             ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   Aorist  

 

            themetic    secondary  endings          at       atām     an

            beginning  with   double  consonant   =   weak  =   dru   -  adudruvat 

                                    single                     =  strong  =  muc  - amūmucat

            asperant   treated  as  single            =   strong   =  dh   -   adīdharat 

            strong  vowel  usually  weakens            sūd      =    asūsudat

                a     ā    i   ī                =        i

                u     ū                          =        u

            causatives   in  ā   endings   with   p

                           keep    p

                                     jñā      know     jñāpayati     ajijñipat

                                     sthā     stand    sthāpayati    atiṣṭhipat