secondary derivation

5 groups

A. accent suffix

āyana

āyī

āyya

iya

īna

īya

enī

enya

tavya

tva

tva-tā

tvana

maya

min

mna

yin

vat

vala

vin

B. suffix not accented

taya

tara

tā

tāt

tāti

tya

vya

C. only first syllable

nī

D either first or last using vṛddhi with suffix

eya

a ( no vṛddhi )

na ( no vṛddhi )

E. sometimes on suffix sometimes on one or other syllable of stem

āni

ima

tana tna

tama

tha

bha

mant

van

vant

vaya

śa

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1. a and vṛddhi of first syllable of primitive stem ending in a , usually last

when primitive is accented on any syllable other than last

āmitra hostile amitra foe

nārāśamsa belonging to Narā-śamsa

śaucadratha having a shining car śucad-ratha

pāvamāna relating to clear-flowing pavamāna Soma

oxytone

kauśika belonging to Kaśika

sometimes first syllable when stem accented

mādhyamdina belonging to midday madhyam-dina

saubhaga luck n su-bhaga lucky

vādhryaśva descendant of Vadhryaśva

daivodāsa belonging to Divodāsa divo-dāsa

similarly from other primitives

āyasa made of metal ayas

saumanasa benevolence sumanas well-sisposed

sometimes from stems similarly accented

paidva belonging to Pedu

however first syllable accented in derivatives from primitives

mostly accented on last

pārthiva earthly pṛthivī earth

māghona belonging to bountiful one maghavan

also from stems similarly accented

nāhuṣa neighbouring nahus neighbour

accent similar when secondary a is added without vṛddhi

paruṣa knotty parus knot

but

harita fallow harit

2. ā same as masculine a

priyā dear priya

3. āni accent one of last 3 syllables as in masculine

indrāṇī wife of Indra

mugalānī wife of Mudgala

uṣīnarāṇī queen of the Uśīnaras

4. āyana

dākṣ-āyaṇa son of Dakṣa

5. āyī

agnāyī wife of Agni

6. āyya gerundival adj. always on suffix first

panāyya to be admired

7. i dirivatives with vṛddhi always first

āgniveśi son of Agniveśa

paurukutsi descendant of Purukutsa

similarly

sārathi charioteer saratham

without vṛddhi

tapuṣi burning tapus heat

8. in possessive adj. always accented

aśvin possessing horses

dhanin wealthy

manīṣin wise

abhimātin insidious

9. ima attached to 3 stems tra ra varies

khanitrima made by digging

kṛtrima artificial

pūtrima purified

agrimā foremost

10. iya either first or second

abhriya

abhriya derived from clouds abhra

kṣatriya having authority kṣatra

amitriya inimical amitra foe

agriya formost

indriya belonging to Indra

11. ī usually same as masculine

bhavatī being bhavant m

when not the same as masculine at end

rathī charioteer m f ratha chariot

when forming fem. of masc. oxytones in u

pṛthvī broad pṛthu

ant

uśatī desiring uśant

tar

avitrī protectress avitar

añc

pratīcī facing pratyañc

fem. ī from masc. oxytines in a sometimes retain on suffix

devī goddess deva

but usually moves to right

aruṣī ruddy aruṣa

12. īna usually first suffix syllable rarely last syllable

apācīna western

samvatsarīṇa annual

13. īya always on first suffix syllable

ārjīkīya Soma vessel

āhavanīya sacrificial fire

parvatīya mountainous

ordinals

dvitīya second

tṛtīya third

turīya forth

14. ena end

sāmidhenī relating to fuel f samidh

15. enya mostly gerundives usually first suffix syllable

dṛśenya worthy to be seen

similarly in adj.

vīreṇya manly vīra

kīrtenya famous kīrti fame

16. eya with vṛddhi final syllable when patronymic sence

ārṣeya descendant of a seer ṛṣi

but

pauruṣeya relating to man puruṣa

gerundives from roots in ā

deya to be given

didṛkṣeya worth seeing didṛkṣā

sabheya fit for an assembly sabhā

17. ka variously accented

diminuative sense usually accent suffix

arbhaka small

kanīnaka youth

kumāraka little boy

otherwise sometimes remains same as primitive

antaka making an end anta

yuṣmāka your yuṣma

or shifts to suffix

anyaka other anya

sanaka old sana

or to first syllable

rūpaka having an assumed form rūpa form

18. ta usually end

ekata first

dvita second

avata well

muhūrta moment

19. tana syncopated form tna variously accented

nūtana nūtna present

sanātana sanatna lasting

pratana ancient

20. tama superlative rarely accented primitive keeps

tavastama very strong

but ordinals end

śatatama hundredth

21. taya adj. accent primitive numerals ‘ consisting of so many parts ‘

catuṣṭaya fourfold

daśataya tenfold

22. tara comparative rarely accented primitive retains

rathītara better car-fighter

but

vṛtratara a worse Vṛtra

23. tā usually syllable preceding suffix

agotā want of cows

devatā divinity

puruṣatā human nature

24. tāti tāt same as tā

ariṣṭatāti security

devatāti divinity

śamtāti good fortune

but

astatāti home

dakṣatāti cleverness

25. tya nouns from particles never accented

apatya offspring n

amātya companion

āviṣṭya manifest

nitya own

niṣṭya foreigh

sanutya secret

when attached to substantive

aptya āptya watery

26. tva invariably accented

amṛtatva immortality

patitva matrimony

27. tvatā first syllable of suffix

iṣitatvatā excitement

puruṣatvatā human nature

28. tvana end

kavitvana wisdom

patitvana matrimony

sakhitvana friendship

29. tha ordinals adj. of a cognate sense from pronominal stems end

caturtha forth

ṣaṣṭha sixth

katitha the how-maniest

but

saptatha sevanth

30. na on first or last syllable

straiṇa feminine strī woman

viṣuṇa various

but

purāṇa ancient

samāna like

31. bha names of animals end

ṛṣabha vṛṣabha bull

gardabha ass

śarabha fabulous 8 legged animal

rāsabha ass

adj.

sthūlabha big

32. ma usually accented with superlatives

adhama lowest

madhyama middle-most

or ordinals

aṣṭama eighth

but

antama next

33. mant retained at primitive

oṣadhīmant rich in herbs

aśanimant bearing the thunderbolt

but oxytone

agnimant having fire

34. maya first suffix syllable

ayasmaya made of metal

gomaya consisting of cows

śakamaya arising from excrement

35. min like in

iṣmin impetuous

ṛgmin jubilant with praise ṛc

36. mna always accented

dyumna brightness

nṛmṇa manliness

nimna depth

sumna welfare

37. ya and vṛddhi accent initial or final syllable like a

initial when primitive is accented on final syllable

but final when primitive is accented on initial

daivya divine deva

ārtvijya office of priest ṛtvij

gārhapatya position of a householder gṛhapati

but

āditya son of Aditi

prājāpatya relating to Prajāpati

a few times unchanged

ādhipatya lordship adhipati

paumsya maniliness pums man

without vṛddhi similar

pitrya belonging to the fathers pitṛ

pratijanya adverse prati-jana grāma

or remains on first syllable

avya belonging to sheep avi

gavya derived from cows go

or shifts from final to suffix

kavya wise kavi

38. yin like in always accented

ātatāyin having one’s bow drawn

dhanvāyin bearing a bow

39. ra comparaive sense initial

adhara lower

apara later

avara lower

upara lower

antara near anta end

others at end

aśrīra ugly

dhūmra dusky dhūma smoke

pāmsura dusty

rathira riding in a chariot

but

medhira wise

karmāra smith

40. la nearly always suffix

aślīla ugly

jīvala lively

bahula abundant

madhula sweet

but

tilvila fertile

śevala slimy

śiśūla little child

41. va usually accented

arṇava billowy

keṣava hairy

añjiva slippery

śantiva friendly

śraddhiva credible

42. vat fem. substantives formed from adverbs or prep. final

arvāvat proximity āvat proximity

udvat height

nivat depth

parāvat distance

pravat height

samvat region

43. van any

atharvan fire-priest

indhanvan possessed of fuel

ṛghāvan violent

ṛtāvan regular

maghavan bountiful

arātīvan hostile

śruṣṭīvan obedient

44. vant retains original except oxytone stems

keṣavant hairy

putravant having a son

prajāvant having offspring

agnivant havint fire

āsanvant having a mouth

but

kṛśanāvant decorated with pearls kṛśana central

viṣūvant central viṣu in both directions

45. vaya any

druvaya wooden dish

caturvaya fourfold

46. vala final

kṛṣīvala peasant

naḍvalā reed bed

47. vin always end

namasvin reverential

yaśasvin beautiful

medhāvin wise

dhṛṣadvin bold