Optative
adds
ī or yā to non-thematic stem
both non-thematics appear
in weak form
ī middle voice
yā active voice
thematic stems
end in a,
a + ī
= e
bhava +
ī = bhave-t
contingent upon the occurrence of something else
may be or
might be
not
actually occurring
remote
hypotheses ( if he were doing )
did not do so in the past
shades
of unreality or
improbability
possibility or
probability
wish
non-factual improbable unlikely not actual
may / might can / could would / should
active middle
class
1 bhū
bhavet bhavetām bhaveyus bhaveta bhaveyātām bhaveran
bhaves bhavetam bhaveta bhavethās bhavethām bhavedhvam
bhaveyam bhveva bhavema bhaveya bhavevahi bhavemahi
-------------------------------------
class 2
lih
lihyāt lihyātām lihyus lihīta lihītām lihīran
lihyās lihyātam lihyāta
lihīthās
lihīthām lihīdhvam
lihyām lihyāva lihyāma
lihīya lihīvahi lihīmahi
----------------------------------------------
Class 3
bhṛ
bibhṛyāt bibhṛyātām bibhṛyus bibhrīta bibhrīyātām bibhrīran
bibhṛyās bibhṛyātam bibhṛyāta
bibhrīthās
bibhrīyāthām bibhrīdhvam
bibhṛyām bibhṛyāva bibhṛyāma bibhrīya bibhrīvahi bibhrīmahi
--------------------------------------------
class
4 div
divyet divyetām dīvyeyus dīvyeta dīvyetām dīvyeran
dīvyes divyetam dīvyeta dīvyethās
dīvyethām dīvyedhvam
dīvyeyam divyeva dīveyema
dīvyeya dīvytvahi dīvyemahi
-------------------------------------------
class
5 śru
śṛṇuyāt śṛṇuyātām śṛṇuyur śṛṇvīta śṛṇvīyātām śṛṇvīran
śṛṇuyās śṛṇuyātam śṛṇuyāta śṛṇvīthās
śṛṇvīyāthām śṛṇvīdhvam
śṛṇuyām śṛṇuyāva śṛṇuyāma śṛṇvīya śṛṇvīvahi śṛṇvīmahi
--------------------------------------
class
9 grabh
gṛbhṇīyāt gṛbhṇīyātām gṛbhṇīyu: gṛbhṇīta gṛbhṇītām gṛbhṇīran
gṛbhṇīyās gṛbhṇīyātam gṛbhṇīyāta gṛbhṇīthās gṛbhṇīthām
gṛbhṇīdhvam
gṛbhṇīyām gṛbhṇīyāva gṛbhṇīyāma gṛbhṇīya gṛbhṇīvahi gṛbhṇīmahi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tvam tām pūjaye:
you her
should-praise
c1 puj reverevce caus.
sa: rakṣet grāmam balena
he should-protect village
with-force c1 rakṣ
āvām gṛham āgaccheva
we2 to-house
should-come
āvām pattram likheva
we2 letter
should-write c6 likh
te: māse māse dhanam yaccheyu:
they in-past-month money
should-give c1 yam extend
tau grāmam adya gacchetām
they2 to-village today should-go
mātā tān śabdam bhāṣet
mother to-them
sound should-say c1 bhāṣ
go: kṣīteṇa
śiśavī moderan
from-cow with-milk children
should-rejoice c1 mud be
merry mid.
vayam gām tena atithaye na pacema
we cow for-that-guest should-not-cook c1 pac
duhitaram pitarau rakṣetām
daughter parents
should-protect
kṣatriyā: grāmām rakṣeyu:
warriors villages
should-protect
aham bhāstram abhyasyeyam
I text-books
should-study
śva: te tuṣyeyu:
tomorrow they should-rejoice c4 tuṣ be
satisfied
tvam tasyā: gṛhe na tiṣṭe:
you her
house should-not-stay c1 sthā
sa: nadīm na taret
he river
not should-swim class1/6/3/8/2/4 tṛ
stenā: mayi śarān muńceyu:
thieves at-me arrows
may-release c6 muc
aham vidhīn na anutiṣṭheyam
i rules no should-follow-about
tā: kāmam śasyeran
they love should-praise c1 śams
kśatriyā: pāśupālyena
varteran
warriors by-cattle-raising should-subsist c1 vṛt
sa: sandigdhām nāvam na ārohet
he doubtful boat no
should-mount c1 ruh ascend
tatra yūyam vāriṇi mriyedhvam
there you-all
in-water might-die
yūyam varam labhedhvam
you-all boon should-obtain c1 labh take
sainikā: mahārājam
severan
soldiers king should-serve c1 sev
vānarai: nāvi udadhi: na tīryete
with-monkeys in-boat
ocean no should-crossed c1 tṛ pass.
tvam śatrurbhi: na parājayethā:
you by-enemies no should-be-over-powered mid.
sainaka: aribhi: yudhyet
soldier with-enemies should-fight c4 yudh
nauṣu yuḍvam bhavet
in-boats battle
should-be
kanye udyāne rameyātām
2girls in-garden
should-have-fun c1 ram enjoy
mid.
sā mām cumbet c1 she me might-kiss
śva: vṛṣṭi: bhavet c1 tomorrow rain
might-be
durkanyā gṛham āgacchet bad-girl to-house
might-come
sā pīnām syāt c2 as she fat
might-be
sā cumbanām dadyāt c3 dā she kiss might-give
sā patram na paṭhet she letter
might-not-read
sā adya gāyet c4
gā
she today might-sing
sa: aśvān ānayet
he horses might-bring
aham patram likheyam c6 I letter
might-write
śatrava: adya āgaccheyu: enemies today
might-come
tā: kāmam ānayeyu: c1 nī they love might-bring
te pāpam kuryu: c8 they bad
might-do
vayam kanyā: paśyema c4 we girls
should-watch