H Q

1. Ὅμηρος παιδεύει άνθρωπον.

Homer educates man.

2. Ὁμήρου αδελφὸς παιδεύει άνθρωπον.

Homer’s brother educates man.

3. άνθρωπος παιδεύει Ὅμηρον .

man educates Homer.

4. Ὅμηρος παιδεύει ανθρώπους.

Homer educates men.

5. Ὅμηρος παιδεύει ανθρώπους εν αγορᾷ.

Homer educates men in the market place.

6. Ὁμήρου αδελφὸς παιδεύει ανθρώπους εν αγορᾷ.

Homer’s brother educates men, in market place.

7. εν αγοραῖσι Ὅμηρος παιδεύει ανθρώπων ψυχὰς βιβλίοισι .

In market places, Homer educates men’s souls (by means of) books.

8. θεα πέμπει δῶρον Ὁμήρου αδελφῷ εις χώραν.

The goddess sends gift to Homer’s brother in country.

9. ῶ Ὅμηρε, θεὸς πέμπει δῶρα ανθρώποισι εν χώρᾳ .

Homer, god sends gifts to men in the country.

10. ανθρώπου αδελφὸς πέμπει δῶρα θεῶν εκ οικίας εις νήσους.

The man’s brother is-sending gifts of the gods out-of the house to the islands.

11. άνθρωπος εν νήσῳ πέμπει αδελφοὺς εις μάχην.

The man on island is-sending brothers into battle.

12. Ὁμήρου αδελφὸς πέμπει βιβλίον εκ αγορᾶς εις νῆσον.

Homer’s brother is-sending a book from market place to island.

13. αδελφὸς πέμπει δῶρα, βιβλία Ὁμήρου, εις οικίας ανθρώπων .

The brother sends gifts, books of-Homer, into houses of men.

14. άνθρωπος παιδεύει αδελφὸν λόγῳ καὶ έργῳ εν οικίᾳ .

The man teaches brother by word and deed in house.

15. άνθρωπος παιδεύει αδελφοὺς καὶ λόγῳ καὶ έργῳ.

The man teaches brothers by both word and deed.

16. ῶ άδελφε, καὶ εν μάχῃ θεα παιδεύει ανθρώπους

Brother, even in battle, goddess teaches men

17. ῶ θεοί, Ὅμηρος παιδεύει ανθρώπους εν ὁδοῖσι σῦν τοὺ λόγοισι .

Gods, Homer teaches men on-roads with his stories.

18. Ὅμηρος πέμπει δῶρα ανθρώποισι εις χώραν ὁδῷ εξ αγορᾶς.

Homer sends gifts for-men into country by-road from market place.

19. Ὅμηρος παιδεύει καὶ αδελφὸν τέχνῃ .

Homer teaches even brother by art.

20. Ὅμηρος παιδεύει αδελφὸν εν τέχνῃ βιβλίῳ.

Homer teaches brother in art by book.

21. Ὅμηρος παιδεύει αδελφὸν τέχνην βιβλίοισι .

Homer teaches brother art by books.

22. θεα πέμπει λόγους εις ψυχὰς ανθρώπων.

goddess sends words into the souls of men.

1. god educates men.

θεὸς παιδεύει ανθρώπους.

2. The man sends Homer’s brother to market place.

άνθρωπος πέμπει Ὁμήρου αδελφὸν εις αγοράν.

3. Man, Homer’s brother sends to the gods a gift from the island.

ῶ άνθρωπε, Ὁμήρου αδελφὸς πέμπει θεοῖσι δῶρον εκ νήσου.

4. With his stories Homer educates his brothers on the islands.

σῦν του λόγοισι , Ὅμηρος παιδεύει τοὺ αδελφοὺς εν νήσοισι .

1. θεοὶ έπεμπον δῶρα εις χώραν.

The gods were-sending gifts into land.

2. Ὅμηρος επεμψε πέντε βιβλία ξένοις .

Homer sent five books to the strangers.

3. πρὸ πολέμου άνθρωποι εν νήσῳ πέμψουσι ἓξ αγγέλους παρὰ των φίλους.

Before the war, the men on island will send six messengers to their friends.

4. ; λύσετε καὶ φιλίαν θεῆς ;

Will you destroy even the friendship of goddess?

5. ελύομεν πολέμους ὴ λόγοις ὴ έργοις .

We used to dissolve wars either by words or by deeds.

6. επαίδευσας φίλους παρὰ Ὁμήρῳ τέχνην λόγων.

You taught the friends at Homer’s house the art of speeches.

7. μὲν ξένοις πέμψομεν στεφάνους, ̔υμῶν δὲ φίλοις βιβλία.

To our guest-friends, we will send crowns, while to our friends, books.

8. ; ξένοι ουκ έλυσαν φίλον εν οικίᾳ ;

Did the strangers not release friend in house ?

9. έλυον φίλους έργῳ, ου λόγῳ,

They used to free friends by deed, not word.

10. πρὸ μάχης εκελεύσατε σοῦ φίλους πέμψαι δῶρα θεῷ εκ οικίας εις νῆσον.

Before the battle, you commanded your friends to send gifts to god out of house onto island.

11. ; ῶ ξένε, ου λύσει , φίλον εν οικίᾳ ;

Stranger, will you not release friend in house?

12. βιβλία παρὰ ξένων επαίδευε ανθρώπους εν αγορᾷ , φίλους Ὁμήρου.

books from strangers used to educate the men in the marketplace – the friends of Homer.

13. ἑξ αδελφοὶ έπεμπον στέφανον χρυσοῦ εκ χώρας παρὰ Ὅμηρον καὶ Ὁμήρου αδελφόν.

six brothers were sending a crown of gold out of the land to Homer and Homer’s brother .

14. μὲν Ὅμηρος εῦ παιδεύσει τοῦ φίλους εν οικίᾳ λόγοις , δὲ αδελφοὶ έργοις .

While Homer will teach well his friends in house by speeches, the brothers by deeds.

15. επέμψαμεν άγγελον παρὰ ξένων απὸ αγορᾶς εις νῆσον.

We sent messenger from the strangers away from the market place to island

εκελεύομεν γὰρ ανθρώπους εν νήσῳ λῦσαι πόλεμον.

For we were ordering men on island to dissolve the war.

16. ; ῶ άδελφε, πέμπεις ζῷα εις αγορὰν ὴ ού ;

Brother, are you sending animals to marketplace or not?

17. καὶ νῦν Ὅμηρος παιδεύει ψυχάς ξένων .

Even now Homer educates the souls of strangers.

θεοὶ γὰρ επαίδευον Ὅμηρον τέχνην.

For gods used to teach Homer art.

18. θεοὶ κελεύσουσι Ὅμηρον μὲν πέμπειν χρυσὸν τοῦ φίλοις ,

The gods will order Homer to send gold to his friends

στεφάνους δὲ τοῦ ξένοις ἐν χώρᾳ.

crowns to his guest-friends in the country.

19. έργα θεῶν εν χώρᾳ εῦ παιδεύσει ανθρώπους .

The deeds of gods in the country will teach men well.

20. ; πέμψεις σοῦ αδελφούς εις μάχην ;

Will you send your brothers into battle ?

21. εκέλευες Ὅμηρον πέμψαι βιβλία εις νήσους.

You were ordering Homer to send books to islands.

επαίδευες γὰρ ανθρώπους εν νήσοις .

For you were teaching the men on the islands.

22. μὲν θεοὶ λύουσι πόλεμους, άνθρωποί δε πέμπουσι τῶν φίλους εις μάχας .

While the gods dissolve wars, men send their friends into battles.

23. θεὸς κελεύσει ανθρώπους εν χώρᾳ πέμπειν χρυσὸν ὴ στέφανον φίλοις.

The goddess will-order the-men in-country to-send gold or crown to their friends.

1. You used to send gifts from the market place to the gods of the island.

έπεμπες δῶρα εκ αγορᾶς θεοῖς νήσου .

2. Did you order Homer to free the five men in house or not?

; εκελεύσατε Ὅμηρον λῦσαι πέντε ανθρώπους εν οικίᾳ ὴ ού ;

3. They will educate their brothers by words and deeds.

παιδεύσουσι τῶν αδελφοὺς λόγοις καὶ έργοις.

4. goddess is now ordering the six brothers to send gold to their friends on the island.

θεας νῦν κελεύει ἓξ αδελφοὺς πέμψαι χρυσὸν τῶν φίλοις ἐν νήσῳ.

5. The gifts of their brothers freed the six men.

δῶρα τῶν αδελφῶν έλυσε ἓξ ανθρώπους.

1. δῆμος θύσει θεοῖς εν ὁδοῖσι ἵνα παύσωσι πόλεμον .

The people will-sacrifice to-gods in-roads so-that they-may-stop the war.

2. δῆμος θύει θεοῖς ὡς παύσωσι πόλεμον .

people are-sacrificing to-gods so that they may stop the war.

3. ξένοι έπεμψαν αγγέλους εξ ἀγορᾶς ὅπως λύσαιε ειρήνην.

foreigners sent messengers from market in-order-that they-might-destroy peace.

4. έπεμπον αγγέλους περὶ νῆσον ὅπως μὴ λύοιτε ειρήνην.

They-were-sending messengers around island in-order-that you might not destroy the peace.

5. ἵνα λύσωμεν Ὅμηρον πεπόμφασι δῶρα .

In-order-that we-may-free Homer, they-have-sent gifts.

6. κελεύετε Ὅμηρον γράψαι βιβλίον δὴ περὶ πολέμου

y’all-are-ordering Homer to-write book in-fact about war

ὅπως εὖ παιδεύητε αδελφούς. φυλάξουσι γὰρ τὴν χώραν.

in-order-that you-may-educate your brothers well. For they will guard the land.

7. καὶ έπεμψε χρυσὸν εκκλησίᾳ καὶ βουλῇ ἵνα μὴ λύσειαν φιλίαν.

He-sent gold to both assembly and council in-order-that they-might-not-destroy friendship.

8. μὲν θεοί ουκ εφύλαξαν Ὁμήρου οφθαλμοὺς .

While the gods did-not-guard Homer’s eyes,

εῦ δὲ πεφυλάχασι του βιβλία περὶ αρετῆς ανθρώπων .

they have guarded well his books about virtue of men.

9. ελελύκεσαν μὲν ειρήνην λόγῳ , ού δὲ έργῳ .

They-had-destroyed peace by word, but not by deed.

10. ; γράψεις πέντε βιβλία περὶ θυσιῶν θεοῖς

Will-you-write five books about sacrifices to gods

ἵνα πέμπωμε δῶρα παρὰ θεοὺς ;

so-that we-may-send gifts to the gods?

11. επεπαύκεμεν πόλεμον διὰ βουλὴν θεῶν ,

We had stopped the war on account to-the-will of gods,

αλλὰ ουκ επέμψαμε στεφάνους εις αγορὰν.

but we-did-not-send crowns to the market place.

12. επειδὴ εφυλάξαμε αγγέλους παρὰ ξένων,’

Since we guarded messengers from foreigners,

ουκ έλυσαν δημοκρατίαν.

they did not destroy the democracy.

13. ; Ὅμηρος πεπαίδευκε του αδελφοὺς περὶ λόγους τέχνῃ

Has Homer educated his brothers concerning speeches by the art

ὡς εῦ φυλάττωσι αρετὴν εν μάχαισι ;

in-order-that they-may-guard well virtue in battles?

14. επεπόμφεμεν στεφάνους ᾶθλα νίκης, φίλοις διὰ αρετὰς

We-had-sent crowns, victory prizes, to (our) friends on account of (their) virtues.

15. επεὶ ουκ εθύσαμεν θεῷ πρὸ πολέμου ,

Since we did not sacrifice to goddess before the war,

τεθύκαμεν νῦν καὶ εν νήσῳ καὶ εν αγορᾷ

we have now sacrificed both on the island and in the market place

ἵνα ἡ πέμψῃ αρετὴν εις ἡμῶν ψυχὰς .

so-that She-may-send virtue into our souls.

16. δῆμος ἔπεμψε καὶ ξένον ἐκ χώρας εἰς νῆσον

people sent even stranger out of land to island

ἵνα μὴ λύσειε ειρήνην.

in-order-that he-might-not-destroy peace.

εγεγράφει γὰρ ἑξ βιβλία περὶ πολέμου .

For he had written six books about war.

17. ὦ Ὅμηρε, μὲν σοῦ αδελφῷ πέμπεις βιβλίον αντὶ χρυσοῦ,

Homer, while to your brother you-send book instead of-gold,

θεῷ δὲ στέφανον αντὶ ζῴου.

to the god (you send) crown instead of-animal.

18. έθυες θεοῖς ἵνα παιδεύοιεν ξένους εν νήσῳ περὶ αρετῆς.

You-used-to-sacrifice to-gods in-order that they might teach the foreigners in island about virtue.

19. εκέλευσε αδελφοὺς παῦσαι πόλεμον πρὸ νίκης.

He ordered brothers to stop war before victory.

20. ξένοι πέμψουσι δῶρα ὴ βουλῇ ὴ εκκλησίᾳ ἵνα μὴ λύσητε φιλίαν.

foreigners will-send gifts either to council or to assembly in-order-that you-may-not-destroy friendship.

21. βιβλία Ὁμήρου πεπαίδευκε ξένους.

books of-Homer have-taught foreigners.

22. απὸ αγορᾶς

From the market place

παρὰ Ὁμήρου αδελφῷ

At Homer’s brother’s house

διὰ οικίας

Through the house

παρὰ Ὅμηρον

To (the side of) Homer

διὰ νήσου

Through the island

τεθυκέναι

To have sacrificed

πεπαυκέναι

To have stopped

1. We have freed the brothers in order that you may not destroy the peace.

λελύκαμεν aδελφοὺς ἵνα μὴ λύσητε ερήνην.

2. But you had sent prizes to Homer in order that he might educate your brother.

αλλὰ επεπόμφετε άθλα Ὁμήρῳ ἵνα παιδεύοι ὑμῶν αδελφόν.

3. He had written a book about peace in order that we might stop wars.

εγεγράφει βιβλίον περὶ ειρήνης ὡς παύσαιμεν πολέμους.

1. εὰν μοῦσαι εῦ διδάξωσιν αγαθὸν ποιητὴν,

If muses teach well good poet,

γράψει καλὸν βιβλίον περὶ θυσιῶν εν αγορᾷ.

he will write a fine book about sacrifices in the market place.

2. μὲν μάχή εστι κακή στρατιώταις, νίκη δὲ εστί αγαθὴ .

While battle is bad for soldiers, victory is good.

3. ῶ φίλε στρατιῶτα, ει χώραν μετὰ δικαίων ανθρώπων εφύλαττες,

Dear soldier, if you were guarding the land with (the) just men,

νεανίαι απὸ νήσου ουκ ὰν έλυον ειρήνην.

the young men from island would not be destroying peace.

4. ; τέταχας καλοὺς καὶ αγαθοὺς ὁπλίτας παρὰ γεφύρᾷ

Have you stationed the noble and good hoplites by the bridge

ἵνα φυλάττωσι χώραν μετὰ μάχην ;

in order that they may guard the land after battle?

5. ει ποιηταὶ γράψειαν βιβλία περὶ δίκης,

If [ever] poets wrote books about justice,

έθυον μούσαισι , θεοῖσι ποιητῶν . ποιηταί γὰρ εστί δίκαιοι .

they sacrificed to muses , goddesses of poets. For the poets are just.

6. ει ὴν λύοιτε δημοκρατίαν, ῶ κακοὶ πολῖται ,

If you should destroy the democracy, bad citizens,

λύοιτ’ ὰν καὶ ειρήνην εν καλαῖς νήσοισι .

you would also destroy the peace in the beautiful islands.

7. ει έπεμψας στρατιώτας εις μάχην σὺν ὅπλοισι ,

If you had sent soldiers into battle with weapons,

ετάξαμεν ὰν νεανίας εν αγορᾷ

we would have stationed young men in market place

ὡς φυλάττοιεν οικίας .

in order that they might guard the houses.

8. μὲν ψυχὴ νεανίου δικαία , ψυχὴ δὲ στρατιώτου άδικος.

While the soul of the young man is just, the soul of the soldier is unjust.

9. θύω καλῇ θεῷ , εὰν πέμψῃς αγαθὸν ζῷον .

I sacrifice to beautiful goddess, if [ever] you send good animal.

10. εὰν πέμψωμεν κακοὺς ανθρώπους εις πόλεμον,

If we send bad men to war,

θάψομεν αγαθοὺς ανθρώπους.

we will bury good men.

11. αγαθοὶ καὶ δίκαιοι πολῖταί εισι άξιοι αρχῆς .

good and just citizens are worthy of-rule.

εθέλουσι γὰρ παῦσαι κακὸν πόλεμον.

For they-are-willing to-stop bad war.

12. μάχή εστι μοῖρα στρατιώτου .

Battle is the lot of a soldier.

13. ὅπως γράψειεν αγαθὸν βιβλίον,

In order that he might write a good book,

δίκαιος ποιητὴς έθυε καλὰ ζῷα θεοῖσι .

just poet was-sacrificing beautiful animals to the gods.

14. ει φίλος Ὅμηρος μὴ ηθέλησεν θύειν θεῷ,

If beloved Homer had not been willing to sacrifice to goddess,

ουκ ὰν έγραψεν αγαθὸν βιβλίον περὶ αρετῆς ανθρώπων.

he would not have written good book about virtue of men.

15. ῶ φίλοι, εὰν λύσωμεν δημοκρατίαν διὰ βουλὴν θεοῦ ,

Friends, if we destroy democracy on account of will of god,

πέμψομεν πολίτας αναξίους αρχῆς εκ χώρας παρὰ ξένους εν νήσῷ .

we will send the citizens (who are) unworthy of rule out of land to strangers on island.

16. ανθρώποις ἡμέρα νίκης αγαθὴ δὴ .

To men, the day of victory is good, in fact.

(In the eyes of men)

17. ει έργα θεῶν παιδεύσαι νεανίαν εν οικίᾳ,

If the deeds of the gods should teach young man in house

ουκ ὰν εθέλοι πέμπειν ὅπλα παρὰ αδίκους στρατιώτας .

he would refuse to send weapons to the unjust soldiers.

18. ει θεὸς κελεύοι φίλον ποιητὴν διδάσκειν νεανίας, έθυεν μούσῃ.

If [ever] the god ordered the beloved poet to teach the young men, he sacrificed to the muse.

19. επειδὴ ἓξ άγγελοι έπεμψαν δῶρα παρὰ ξένων καὶ βουλῇ καὶ εκκλησίᾳ,

Since six messengers sent gifts from the strangers to both council and assembly,

δῆμος ουκ εθέλει τάξαι αγαθοὺς ὁπλίτας εις μάχην.

the people are refusing to station good hoplites into battle.

20. ει ῶ νεανία, έπεμπες χρυσὸν ὴ στέφανον ὁπλίταισι αξίοισι άθλου ,

If, young man, you were sending gold or crown to hoplites worthy of prize,

ουκ ὰν έλυον ειρήνην.

they would not be destroying the peace.

21. εὰν μὴ παύσητε μάχην,

If you do not stop the battle,

πέμψομεν καλοὺς ὁπλίτας διὰ χώρας παρὰ θάλασσαν

we will send noble hoplites through the land to the sea

ἵνα λύσωσι δικαίους φίλους εν οικίᾳ.

in order that they may free just friends in house.

22. αγαθοὶ πολῖται πέμπουσι δῶρα

The good citizens send gifts

εὰν ποιηταὶ άξιοι χρυσοῦ γράψωσι βιβλία περὶ δίκης.

if [ever] the poets worthy of gold write books about justice.

23. εθάπτετε αδίκους πολίτας παρὰ θαλάσσῃ πάλαι ,

Y’all used to bury unjust citizens by sea a long time ago

αλλὰ νῦν πέμπετε κακοὺς

but now you send bad,

καὶ αδίκους καὶ αναξίους ανθρώπους εις νῆσον ου καλήν.

unjust and unworthy men to island, (the one that is) not beautiful.

24. ψυχή κακοῦ πολίτου ανάξιος άθλου .

soul of bad citizen is unworthy of a prize.

καίτοι εθέλετε πέμπειν δῶρα κακοῖσι πολίταισι .

And yet you are willing to send gifts to bad citizens.

25. εὰν μὴ πέμπητε χρυσὸν, ουκ εθέλω διδάσκειν αγαθοὺς νεανίας τέχνην.

If [ever] you do not send gold, I refuse to teach good young men the art.

26. πρὸ μάχης

Before battle

μετὰ στρατιωτῶν.

With soldiers

μετὰ πόλεμον

After war

περὶ λόγους

Concerning speeches

περὶ οικίαισι

Around houses

σὺν θεοῖσι.

With (help of the) gods

διδάξαι

To teach

τεταχέναι

To have stationed

27. αγαθοί νεανίαι

good young men

νεανίαι αγαθοὶ

The young men are good

καλὴ γέφυρα

beautiful bridge

γέφυρα καλή

bridge is beautiful

φίλος ποιητής

poet is dear

28. πολίταισι αγαθὸς ποιητὴς άξιος διδάσκειν νεανίας.

To the citizens, the good poet is worthy to teach the young men.

1. If poet writes good book about battle,

εὰν ποητὴς γράφῃ αγαθὸν βιβλίον περὶ μάχης,

young men will dissolve peace.

νεανίαι λύσουσι ειρήνην .

2. If you (pl.) should sacrifice animals to the gods, we would stop the war.

ει θύοιτε ζῷα θεοῖσι, παύσαιμεν ὰν πόλεμον.

3. If I had guarded the island, you would have guarded the bridge.

ει εφύλαξα νῆσον, εφύλαξας άν γέφυραν.

4. The citizens refused to send animals

πολῖται ουκ ηθέλησαν πέμψαι ζῷα

in order that soldiers on island might sacrifice to gods.

ἵνα στρατιῶται εν νήσῳ θύσαιεν θεοῖσι .

5. soul of unjust man is not worthy of prize.

ψυχὴ αδίκου ουκ αξία άθλου.

5 passive

1. καὶ χρυσὸς καὶ άργυρος επέμφθησαν ὑπὸ πολιτῶν παρὰ τοισι νήσου

Both gold and silver were sent by the citizens to them of island

ὡς θύσειαν αθανάτοισι θεοῖσι εν μικρᾷ αγορᾷ νήσου .

in order that they might sacrifice to immortal gods in small market place of island

φοβερὸς γὰρ πόλεμος επέπαυτο θεοῖσι .

For the fearful war had been stopped by gods.

2. αθάνατος δόξα ποιητοῦ ἱεροῦ μουσῶν,

Immortal is the reputation of the poet, the one who is sacred to the muses,

επειδὴ καλὰ βιβλία γέγραπται Ὁμήρῳ

since (OR: after) fine books have been written by Homer

περὶ αρετῆς ανθρώπων καὶ κινδύνων πολέμου .

about the virtue of men and (about) dangers of war.

3. ει πεισθεῖτε κακοῖσι λόγοισι πρώτου αγγέλου λῦσαι ειρήνην

If you should be persuaded by the evil speeches of first messenger to destroy the peace

καὶ κακὰ πράττειν ξένους, ου παύσαιεν ὰν πόλεμον πρὸ νίκης εν μάχῃ.

and to do evil to strangers, they would not stop war before victory in battle.

4. διὰ κινδύνους πρὸ μαχῶν

On account of the dangers, before battles,

ἵπποι μὲν εθύοντο ὑπὸ ξένων θεοῖσι αἱ δὲ ἵπποι θεαῖσι .

horses on the one hand, used to be sacrificed by the strangers to the gods,

mares on the other to the goddesses,.

αλλα ξένων χώρα ουκ ἐφυλάχθη ὑπὸ θεῶν.

But the land of the strangers was not guarded by the gods.

5. ; πέμψεις ἱκανὸν αργύριον αγαθῷ διδασκάλῳ σοῦ αδελφοῦ

Will you send enough money to the good teacher of your brother

εὰν σοῦ αδελφὸς εῦ παιδευθῇ ; εθέλει γὰρ παιδεύειν αγαθούς .

if your brother is taught well ? For he wants to teach good (men).

6. αγαθὸς ποιητής εστι διδάσκαλος πολιτῶν .

The good poet is teacher of citizens.

πολῖται γὰρ διδάσκονται λόγοισι ποιητῶν .

For the citizens are taught by the words of the poets.

7. μετὰ μάχην καὶ καλοὶ καὶ κακοὶ θάπτονται εν γῇ.

After battle both the noble and the bad are buried in the earth.

αλλα δόξα καλῶν αθάνατος .

But the reputation of the noble (men) is immortal.

8. ει οἱ εν νήσῳ βλάπτοιντο , έπεμπον εις εκκλησίαν

If [ever] men on the island were harmed, they sent to the assembly

ἵνα φυλάττοιντο ὑπὸ στρατιωτῶν.

in order that they might be guarded by the soldiers

γὰρ πολέμιοι ουκ ήθελον παῦσαι πόλεμον.

For enemy was refusing to stop war.

9. ει εβλάβης ὑπὸ διδασκάλου, ουκ έπεμψας ὰν δῶρα .

If you had been harmed by the teacher, you would not have sent gifts.

δῶρα γὰρ ουκ επέμπετο αδίκοισι .

For gifts were not sent to unjust men.

10. λίθοι εν πεδίῳ ουκ αγαθοὶ ἵπποισι .

stones in the plain are not good for the horses.

11. νῦν πέμπομεν ἓξ στρατιωτῶν εις πεδίον

We are now sending of six soldiers into plain

ἵνα γέφυρα φυλάττηται .

in order that bridge may be guarded.

12. ; ποιηταὶ ἱκανοὶ διδάσκειν πολίτας αρετὴν ;

Are the poets capable of teaching the citizens virtue?

13. ει γῆ μὴ εῦ εφυλάττετο ὑπὸ στρατιωτῶν,

If land was not being guarded well by the soldiers,

ουκ ήθελον ὰν πέμψαι αγγέλους περὶ ειρήνης .

they would not be willing to send messengers concerning peace.

14. βλάπτείν οῦκ εστι καλὸν , αλλὰ μὴ βλάπτεσθαί εστι καλὸν .

Harming is not noble, but not being harmed is noble.

15. παρὰ δόξαν στρατιωτῶν

Contrary to expectation of soldiers,

εκελεύσθησαν φυλάττειν γέφυραν πρὸ πεμφθῆναι εις μάχην.

they were ordered to guard bridge before being sent into battle.

16. ἐὰν πρῶτοι στρατιῶται μὴ ταχθῶσιν παρὰ γέφυρᾳ,

If [ever] first soldiers are not stationed by bridge,

πεδίον ου φυλάττεται .

plain is not guarded.

17. λίθοι ουχ ἱκανοὶ στρατιώταισι εις μάχην .

The stones are not sufficient for-soldiers in battle .

18. πεμφθήσεσθε διὰ πεδίου ὅπως ξένοι μὴ λύσωσι ειρήνην.

You will be sent through plain in order that strangers may not destroy peace.

19. αρετή ἱκανὴ καὶ μακροῖσι καὶ μικροῖσι .

Virtue is sufficient for both tall (men) and short.

20. δῶρα δικαίων πέπεικεν θεοὺς .

The gifts of the just have persuaded gods.

φίλοι γὰρ θεοῖς δίκαιοι.

For the just are dear to the gods.

21. βιβλίον περὶ αγαθῆς ψυχῆς εγέγραπτο ποιητῇ.

book about good soul had been written by poet.

22. δίκαιος οὐχ βλαβήσεται ὑπὸ αδίκου, αλλὰ αδίκῳ.

The just man will not be harmed by the unjust man, but by the unjust

23. μὴ βλάπτειν φίλους εστι ουχ ἱκανὸν .

Not harming friends is not sufficient.

24. δίκαιος εκέλευε πολίτας μὴ πέμψαι άργυρον,

The just man used to order citizens not to send silver,

δῶρον θεῶν , εις οικίας αδίκων .

gift of gods, into houses of unjust men.

25. εὰν άρχῃς δήμου παρὰ δίκην , πράττεις κακὰ.

If [ever] you rule people contrary to justice, you do bad things.

26. ει ποιητὴς διδάξαι νεανίας πράττειν κακὰ δῆμον ,

If the poet should teach the young men to do bad things to people,

πεμφθείη ἂν εις νῆσον.

he would be sent to island.

27. τῷ εὖ ἄρχειν νεανιῶν

by ruling the young men well

οἱ μὴ μακροί

men not tall

απὸ θεοῦ ἱεροῦ

From the temple of the goddess

μετὰ ὁπλιτῶν

With hoplites

ὁ ὑπὸ γῆς θεός

The god under earth

εν ἀρχῇ πολέμου

In the beginning of the war

κακοὶ οἱ μὴ αγαθοί

men not good are bad

καλὰ τὰ ποιητῶν

The things of the poets are beautiful

1. By sacrificing animals, men had persuaded the gods to stop wars.

τῷ θύειν ζῷα, άνθρωποι επεπείκεσαν θεοὺς παύειν πολέμους.

2. young man has been well educated by poet in order that his excellence may be guarded.

νεανίας εῦ πεπαίδευται ποιητῇ ἵνα τοῦ αρετὴ φυλάττηται.

3. If you had been sent by the citizens to island sacred to the goddess

ει επέμφθητε ὑπὸ πολιτῶν εις νῆσον ἱερὰν θεοῦ

in order that men in the country might be guarded,

ἵνα οἱ εν χώρᾳ φυλάττοιντο (φυλαχθεῖεν),

you would not have been stationed in the market place.

ουκ ὰν ετάχθητε εν αγορᾷ.

3. Men under the power of the bad are unjust.

οἱ ὑπὸ κακῷ άδικοι.

1. τάξει πέντε στρατιωτῶν παρὰ θάλασσαν

He will station five of the soldiers beside the sea

ὅπως ἓξ άγγελοι μὴ κωλυθῶσι ὑπὸ τῶν εν πεδίῳ.

in order that six messengers may-not-be-hindered by those in plain.

2. βλάψωμεν μὲν αδικαίοισι,

Let us harm unjust men,

δικαίαισι δὲ πέμψωμεν αῖγάς τε καὶ άργυρον.

while to just women let us send both goats and silver.

3. Ὅμηρος, οὗ οφθαλμοὶ ουκ εφυλάχθησαν ὑπὸ θεῶν ,

Homer, whose eyes were not guarded by the gods,

ἐδίδασκεν νεανίας τε καὶ γέροντας τέχνην λόγων.

used to teach both young and old men art of speeches.

4. ; αῖγες θύονται θεοῖσι ὑπό γε δούλων ;

Are goats being sacrificed to gods by slaves ?

5. εὰν πέμψητ΄ γέροντας μετὰ φυλάκων πέντε στάδια εκ γῆς ,

If you send the old men with guards five stades out of land,

ου βλαβήσονται ὑπὸ κακῶν ξένων οἵ εκελεύσθησαν λῦσαι ειρήνην .

they will not be harmed by bad strangers who were ordered to destroy the peace.

6. ἥ γε χάρις ἡ αγαθῶν ουκ εν σώματι αλλα εν ψυχῇ .

grace of good is not in body but in soul.

7. μετά γε νίκην οἱ μὲν φύλακες εχόρευον ,

After the victory, the guards were dancing,

οἱ δὲ οὓς εβλάψαμεν εφυλάττοντο ὑπὸ γερόντων εν αγορᾷ .

while the enemy whom we harmed were being guarded by old men in market place.

8. ει χώρα εῦ επολιτεύετο , ήρχομεν ὰν καὶ νήσων.

If land was being governed well, we would also be ruling islands.

9. εί σόφοι τοι χώρας άρχοιεν ,

If, you know, the wise should rule the land

ἡμέρας μὲν ὰν πράττοιτε πράγματα τὰ τε βουλῆς

while during the day you would do business of both the council

καὶ εκκλησίας, νυκτὸς δὲ χορεύοιτ΄ άν.

and assembly, during the night, you would dance.

10. έν γε μάχῃ ἱκανὸν νίκης ουτοι ελπίς.

In a battle, at least, hope of victory is not a sufficient thing, you know.

11. λύσωμεν δὴ δημοκρατίαν . δεινὰ γὰρ πέπρακται δήμῳ.

Let us, in fact, destroy democracy. For terrible things have been done by the people.

12. ει τῇ πρώτῃ νυκτὶ ἓξ τῶν χορευτῶν εῦ εχόρευσαν,

If on the first night six of the dancers had danced well,

ζῷα ετύθη ὰν θεῷ ὑπὸ σοφῶν πολιτῶν .

animals would have been sacrificed to the goddess by the wise citizens.

χοροί γὰρ φίλοι θεοῖς .

For dancers are dear to gods.

13. νεανίαι οἷς γε βιβλία εγράφη ὑφα Ὁμήρου περὶ ελευθερίας παλαιῶν

young men, for whom at least books were written by Homer about freedom of ancients,

ταχθήσονται εις μάχην πέντε ἡμερῶν χάριν δήμου.

will be stationed into battle within five days for sake of people.

14. τοι αδίκης δεινόν σοφία, ῶ γέρον.

The skill (wisdom) of the unjust woman is a terrible thing, you know, old man.

15. παλαιοὶ μὲν ήρχοντο ὑπο αγαθῶν , οἱ δὲ νῦν δουλεύουσι τοῦ αναξίοισι άρχειν .

While the ancients used to be ruled by good men, the (people) of today are slaves to those unworthy to-rule .

16. ξένοι μὲν έθυον ἵππον πρὸ τῆς πολέμου ἀρχῆς, δε Ἕλληνες οὔ.

While the strangers used to sacrifice a horse before the beginning of a war, the Greeks did not.

17. τῷ σώματι θάνατος μοῖρα, αλλα γε ψυχὴ αθάνατος.

For the body, death is fate, but the soul, at least, is immortal.

18. φύλαξ ὃς επέμφθη εἰς νῆσον ἡμέρας

The guard , who was sent to island during the day

εκώλυσε δούλους πέντε νύκτας βλάψαι τὰς ελευθέρας.

prevented slaves for five nights from harming the free women.

19. σοφοῖσι γε τὰ θαλάσσης δεινὰ .

To the wise, the things of the sea are terrible.

20. ῶ άδελφε, κακὰ δὴ τὰ δῶρα

Brother, bad, in fact, are the bribes

οἷσι πείθεις ελευθέρους Ἕλληνας δουλεύειν κακοῖσι ξένοισι .

with which you are persuading free Greeks to be slaves to bad strangers.

21. επειδὴ πόλεμός γε ἐπαύθη, δήμου φόβος ελύθη.

Since (OR: after) war was stopped, the people’s fear was dissolved.

22. ποιητὴς κακός τοι ᾧ γε βιβλία περὶ μικρῶν πραγμάτων γέγραπται.

The poet is bad, you know, because books about small matters have been written by him.

23. ὦ φίλε, μὴ πείσῃς αγαθοὺς άδικά τε μακροῖσι λόγοισι κακὰ πρᾶξαι.

Friend, do not persuade good men with long speeches to do unjust and bad things.

24. ἐὰν δίκαιοί γε πολιτεύωσιν, οἱ ἄδικοι,

If [ever] just men govern, the unjust men,

ὑφο ὧν δῆμος βλάπτεται, πέμπονται εκ γῆς.

by whom the people are harmed, are sent out of the land.

25. ; γράψωμεν βιβλίον περὶ αἰγῶν εὰν πολῖται πέμψωσι αργύριον ;

Are we to write book about goats if citizens send money?

26. ει διδάσκοιο ὑπὸ ποιητῶν, αγαθῶν ανθρώπων, εῦ γε έπραττες.

If [ever] you were taught by poets, by good men, you were faring well, at least.

27. σοφία οὐ μικρὸν δῶρον δὴ .

Wisdom is not a small gift, in fact.

28. κατά γε γνώμην γέροντος σοφοί κακοὶ .

According, at least, to opinion of old man, wise are bad.

29. λόγοι κατὰ Ἑλλήνων άδικοι .

speeches against the Greeks are unjust.

καίτοι έγραφες μακροὺς λόγους νυκτός κατα Ἑλλήνων.

And yet, you used to write long speeches during the night against the Greeks.

1. Let us be taught during the day at least in order that we may dance during the night.

διδασκώμεθα γε ἡμέρας ἵνα χορεύωμεν τῆς νυκτός.

2. Young man, if you should rule the land for five days,

ῶ νεανία, ει ἄρχοις χώρας πέντε ἡμέρας,

would we be harmed by our enemies?

βλαπτοίμεθα (βλαβεῖμεν) ἂν ὑπὸ πολεμίων;

3. Friend, do not bury the unjust men in the plain.

ῶ φίλε, μὴ θάψῃς αδίκους εν πεδίῳ.

The plain, you know, is sacred to the goddess by whom the land has been guarded.

τὸ πεδίον τοι ἱερὸν θεοῦ ᾗ γῆ πεφύλακται.

4. If you (pl.) harm the horses which were sent to the soldiers,

εὰν βλάψητε ἵππους οἳ επέμφθησαν παρὰ στρατιώτας

the war will be stopped within six days.

πολέμος παυθήσεται ἓξ ἡμερῶν .

5. The young men by whom the goats and horses will be sent into the market place

οἱ νεανίαι ὑπὸ ὧν οἱ αἶγές τε καὶ ἵπποι πεμφθήσονται εις αγορὰν

are not willing to be educated by the wise poet.

ουκ εθέλουσι παιδεύεσθαι ὑπὸ σοφοῦ ποιητοῦ.

1. ει γὰρ εκεῖνοί γε αγαθοὶ φύλακες εῦ φυλάττοιντο επὶ κλέπτας

If only those good guards would guard well against the thieves

ἡμέρας τε καὶ νυκτός ὡς μὴ κλέψωσι δήμου αργύριον.

both by day and night so that they may not steal the people’s money.

2. είθε άλλοι στρατιῶται μὴ λίποιεν γέφυραν αλλὰ κωλύσειαν πολεμίους.

If only the other soldiers would not leave bridge but would hinder the enemy.

3. κακοὶ κλέπτοιεν άν τὰ πολιτῶν . οῦν φυλάξωμεν εκείνας μικράς οικίας .

Bad men might steal the things of citizens. So let us guard those small houses.

4. ούτοι ελεύθερος ὃς ὰν τῷ σώματι δουλεύῃ.

Whoever is a slave to the body is not free, you know.

αλλὰ οὗ ὰν ψυχὴ άρχῃ καὶ σοφὸς καὶ ελεύθερος.

But whomever the soul rules is both wise and free.

5. οἳ ὰν λείπωνται εν νήσῳ ου λυθήσονται.

Whoever is left on the island will not be freed.

6. ; πέμψαιμεν άν εκεῖνο ; ὴ πέμψωμεν άλλο τὸ ;

Could we send that thing? Or are we to send other thing ?

7. λειφθεῖεν εν εκείνῃ οικίᾳ , εδούλευον οἳ .

If anyone was left (behind) in that house, they were a slave.

8. άρχεσθαι μάχης άνευ ἡγεμόνος ουκ αγαθόν γε .

Starting battle without leader is not a good thing at any rate .

καίτοι στρατιῶται ουκ ηθελήκασιν παύσασθαι εν πεδίῳ αλλὰ τάττονται εις μάχην.

And yet soldiers have not been willing to stop in the plain but are falling into battle order.

πείσωμεν οῦν εκείνους παύσασθαι.

Let us, therefore, persuade them to stop.

and so

9. ἡγεμὼν ὃς ὰν εῦ τάττῃ τοὺ ὁπλίτας αγαθὸς δὴ .

(Any) leader who stations his hoplites well is in fact good.

άνευ γὰρ ἡγεμόνος στρατιῶται ουκ εῦ τάττονται .

For without a leader soldiers do not fall into (battle) order well.

10. ὅς τοι αισχρῶς έκλεψεν χρυσὸν,

You know, if anyone had shamefully stolen the gold,

πολῖται γραφὴν τον εγράψαντο κλοπῆς ὰν .

citizens would have indicted him on a charge of theft.

11. εκεῖνοί γε κακοὶ στρατιῶται έλιπον οἳ ὅπλα εν πεδίῳ

Those evil soldiers who abandoned their arms in the plain

μετὰ μάχην κεκλόφασιν τε Ὁμήρου άργυρον καὶ αῖγας .

after battle have stolen both Homer’s silver and goats

οῦν γραψαίμεθα τας κλοπῆς.

If only we would indict them of theft .

12. πειθοίμεθα αγαθοῖσι διδασκάλοισι γε .

If only we would obey good teachers, at least

διδάσκουσι γὰρ καὶ τέχνην καὶ αρετήν γράμμασι .

For they teach both craft (art) and virtue by (means of) letters (OR: writing).

άνευ δὴ τέχνης τε καὶ αρετῆς νεανίαι ούτοι καλῶς πράττουσιν .

Indeed, without both craft (art) and virtue young men do not fare well, you know.

13. διδαξώμεθα δὴ πέντε αδελφοὺς τέχνην σοφοῦ ποιητοῦ .

Let us in fact teach five brothers art of wise poet .

πολῖται γὰρ πέμποιεν ὰν δῶρα ὴ στεφάνους ὴ χρυσόν , αγαθοῖσι ποιηταῖσι .

For the citizens might send gifts, either crowns or gold, to good poets.

14. ῥήτωρ μὲν γράφει μακροὺς λόγους . άλλος δε γράφεται.

While the orator writes long speeches, other (man) indicts.

15. παυσώμεθα εν ἱερῷ . θύσαιμεν γὰρ ὰν θεῆσι εκεῖ .

Let us stop in shrine. For we could sacrifice to goddesses there.

16. Ὅμηρος μὲν διδάσκει τοὺς, τοὺς δὲ διδάσκεται.

Home r teaches some (men), while others he causes to be taught.

17. άλλος άλλους διδάσκεται.

One man causes some to be taught, another man causes others.

18. καὶ κλέπται γε σῴζοιντο άν ῥητορικῇ , τέχνῃ περὶ λόγους ,

Even thieves could be saved by (the art of ) rhetoric, art concerning speeches,

επειδή τοι εν δίκαισι , εκεῖνοι μὲν άνευ γνώμης πείθονται λόγοισι ,

since, you know, in lawsuits (courts) those without judgment are persuaded by words,

σοφοί δὲ έργοισι .

while the wise (are persuaded) by deeds.

19. πράττοιτε αισχρὰ ὰν οἳ τοὺς τῆς οικίας μὴ διδάσκοισθε ποιήματα .

You would be doing shameful things if any of you should not have (people) of household taught poems.

20. ἄδηλά τοι τὰ τοῦ πολέμου.

The things of war are surely unclear.

θυσώμεθα οὖν περὶ τῶν νῦν.

So let us consult the gods about the present (affairs

λύσωμεν τὴν εἰρήνην ἢ μή; πείσαιμεν γὰρ ἂν τοὺς πολίτας τὰς οἰκίας λίπειν.

). Are we to dissolve the peace or not? For we might (could) persuade the citizens to abandon (their) houses.

21. εἰ γὰρ θύσαιμεν αἶγας τοῖς θεοῖς, τοῖς τῶν πολίτων σωτῆρσιν.

If only we would sacrifice goats to the gods, (to) the saviors of the citizens.

22. εἰ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ μὴ ἐτάχθης, ἔσωσας ἂν τοὺς ἀδελφούς.

If you had not been stationed in the plain, you would have saved (your) brothers.

23. οὐ μικρὰ ἡ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ποιητοῦ τιμή.

The honor of the good poet is not small.

καὶ οὐ μικρὰ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἡ τῶν ἐκείνου βιβλίων τιμή.

Not small, too, is the price of his books in the market place.

24. ἐκεῖ παυσαίμεθα ἵνα τοὺς ξένους παύσωμεν.

25. δῆλοι τοῖς γε στρατιώταις οἱ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ λίθοι.

To the soldiers, at least, the stones in the plain are visible.

1. If only the animals and the money may be sent to the island by the men in the market place.

εἰ γὰρ τὰ ζῴα καὶ τὸ ἀργύριον πεμφθείη εἰς τὴν νῆσον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ.

The (inhabitants) of the island could sacrifice to the gods.

οἱ τῆς νήσου θύσαιεν ἂν τοῖς θεοῖς.

2. I wish that the young men may be well taught by the words of the wise poet.

εἰ γὰρ οἱ νεανίοι εὖ παιδευθεῖεν τοῖς τοῦ σοφοῦ ποιητοῦ λόγοις.

They would then be on guard, at least, against the enemy.

φυλάττοιντο γ΄οὖν τοὺς πολεμίους.

3. May the gods save the assembly and the council.

εἰ γὰρ οἱ θεοὶ σῴζοιεν τήν τ’ ἐκκλησίαν καὶ τὴν βουλήν.

Let us not leave the soldiers in the country.

μὴ λίπωμεν (λείπωμεν) τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ.

4. The goats of the men of the plain might be stolen by the enemy.

οἱ τῶν τοῦ πεδίου ἀνθρώπων αἶγες ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων κλαπεῖεν ἄν.

Do not prevent the men of the plain from guarding their animals.

μὴ κωλύητε τοὺς τοῦ πεδίου (ἀνθρώπους) φυλάττειν τὰ ζῷα.

1. λιποῦσαι γέροντας

After having left old men,

ἥκομεν σύμπαντας ῥήτορας κεκλοφότας δώρων γραψόμεναι.

we have come in order to indict all the orators, (the ones) who have stolen, of bribery.

2. θυσίᾱν ἀγάγωμεν θεοῖς τοῖς Ἀθηναίους ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ μάχῃ σώσᾱσιν

Let us perform a sacrifice to the gods who saved the Athenians in that

ὅπως καὶ νῦν ἐθέλωσι πάντες οἱ θεοὶ τὴν δημοκρατίᾱν φυλάττειν.

battle in order that even now all the gods may wish to guard the democracy.

3. ἀγγέλους πέμψειαν ἅτε πρῶτοι λύ̄σαντες τήν γ’ εἰρήνην.

If only they would send messengers, since they broke the peace first.

4. ἐκεῖνοι οἱ κακοὶ οἱ τὸν ἀγαθόν τε καὶ σοφὸν διδάσκαλον

Those bad men who led the good and wise teacher to death will be harmed you

εἰς θάνατον ἀγαγόντες βλαβήσονταί τοι ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν οἷα αἰσχρὰ πρά̄ττοντες.

know by the gods since they do shameful things.

5. ὁ τά τε τῶν ἄλλων κλέπτων καὶ ἅμα πείθων σύμπαντας

The man who was stealing the things of others and at the same time

τοὺς νεᾱνίᾱς κακὰ πρά̄ττειν καὶ μὴ τοῖς θεοῖς θύ̄ων ἔβλαπτε τὴν πᾶσαν χώρᾱν ἢ οὔ;

persuading all the young men to do bad things and who was not sacrificing to the gods — was he harming the whole land or not?

6. θύ̄σωμεν οἷα σεσωσμέναι.

Let us sacrifice since we (fem.) have been saved.

7. ἐπειδὴ οἱ πολέμιοι τὴν οὐ φυλαχθεῖσαν γέφῡραν ἔλῡσαν,

After the enemy destroyed the bridge that was not guarded,

ἅπαντες οἱ ὁπλῖται τὰ ὅπλα ἔλιπον ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ ὡς νῦν γ’ εἰρήνην ἄξοντες.

all the hoplites left their weapons in the plain in order to (as they claimed) keep peace now at least.

8. ἐν τῇ εὖ πολῑτευομένῃ χώρᾱͅ οὔτοι ἦρξε τοῦ δήμου ὁ στρατός,

In the well-governed land the army did not indeed rule the people,

ἀλλ’ εἴ γ’ ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων βλάπτοιντο οἱ πολῖται,

but if the citizens were (ever) harmed by the enemy, everyone,

ἅπαντες, τοὺς γέροντας ἐν ταῖς οἰκίαις λιπόντες,

leaving the old men in the houses, was stationed for battle by the generals

ὑπὸ τῶν στρατηγῶν ἐτάττοντο ὡς τοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν ἥκοντας φυλαξόμενοι.

in order to guard against those who had come into the land.

9. τὰ̄ς μὴ δουλευούσας διδάξει δὴ τὰ βιβλία τὰ ὑπ’ ἀγαθῶν ποιητῶν γραφόμενα.

The books written by the good poets will teach in fact women who are not slaves.

10. ὁ στρατηγός, καίπερ τάξᾱς τοὺς στρατιώτᾱς παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν,

Although the general had stationed the soldiers beside the sea,

ὅμως οὐκ ἤθελεν ἐκείνους ἕξ στάδια εἰς μάχην ἀγαγεῖν.

nevertheless he was unwilling to lead them for six stades into battle.

11. δῶρα δὴ λελοίπαμεν ἐκείνῳ γε τῷ ποιητῇ τῷ περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς γεγραφότι.

We have in fact left gifts for that poet, at least, who has written about virtue.

συμπά̄σᾱς γὰρ ἀγαθὰ πρά̄ττειν δεδίδαχεν.

For he has taught all (the women) to do good things.

12. χρήματα ἐκείνοις τοῖς κακοῖς ῥήτορσι λιπών,

After having left money for those bad orators,

ἔπειτα τὸν στρατὸν ἤγαγον εἰς τὴν χώρᾱν τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων

I then led the army into the land of those Greeks

τῶν οὐχ ὑπὸ στρατιωτῶν φυλαττομένων.

who were not being guarded by the soldiers.

13. ἀρετή τοι τὸ πᾶσαν χώρᾱν σῷζον, ὦ γέρον.

Old man, virtue, you know, is the thing saving the whole land.

14. οὐ δίκαια πάντα τά γε θεοῖς πεπρᾱγμένα;

Are not all the things that have been done by gods just?

15. ἦγεν εἰς τὸ πεδίον τοὺς στρατιώτᾱς ὡς δὴ μάχης ἀρξόμενος.

He led the soldiers into the plain in order to begin a battle in fact (as he said).

16. εἰ καλὰ πρά̄ττοις, ὦ ἄδελφε,

If you should do noble things, brother,

πέμψαιμ’ ἂν τῆς νυκτὸς ἐκεῖνα τὰ ζῷα τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ γέροντος τυθέντα.

I would send during the night those animals that have been sacrificed by the old man.

17. ἐκεῖνος ὁ ῥήτωρ ὁ αἰσχρός, καίπερ δῶρα τε πεπομφὼς παρὰ πάντας τοὺς ἀδίκους

That shameful orator, although having both sent bribes to all the unjust men

καὶ ἅμα τὸν δῆμον πείσᾱς λῦσαι τὴν εἰρήνην,

and at the same time having persuaded the people to destroy the peace, nevertheless

ὅμως ἀντὶ τοῦ δικαίως βλαβῆναι ἠθέλησεν ὑπ’ ἁπάντων τῶν ἐλευθέρων σῴζεσθαι.

wished, instead of being justly harmed, to be saved by all the free men.

18. ἅτε κακῶς πρά̄ττουσαι, ὦ φίλαι,

Friends (fem.), since we [=women] are faring badly,

μήτε εἰρήνην ἄγωμεν μήτε κακοῖς δουλεύωμεν.

let us neither keep peace nor be slaves to bad men.

19. τῶν φίλων χάριν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι,

After having been persuaded by bad orators,

ὑπὸ κακῶν ῥητόρων πεισθέντες,

the Athenians were willing to rule all the islands for the sake of their friends,

ἄρχειν ἤθελον πᾱσῶν τῶν γε νήσων, καὶ ἔπειτα αἱ μὲν χρήματ’ ἔπεμπον,

and thereupon while some (of the islands) used to send money,

αἱ δὲ μὴ πειθόμεναι ἐβλάβησαν.

others who did not obey were harmed.

20. ἐκείνῃ τῇ νυκτὶ τὴν πάντων ἐλευθερίᾱν φυλάξαντες,

After having guarded the freedom of everyone on that night

ὦ Ἕλληνες, νῦν δή, καίπερ εἰς μάχην τεταγμένοι,

, O Greeks, will you now in fact neither obey the generals who wish to save everyone

οὔτε πείσεσθε τοῖς στρατηγοῖς τοῖς ἅπαντας σῶσαι ἐθέλουσιν οὔτε σώσετε τὴν χώρᾱν;

nor will you save the land, even though you have been stationed into battle?

21. ἐπέμφθης εἰς ἀγορά̄ν, ὦ αἰσχρὲ ῥήτορ,

You were sent to the market place, (you) shameful orator,

ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου κλοπῆς γραφησόμενος.

in order that you be indicted of theft by the people.

22. ἀγαθὰ βιβλία τοῖς φίλοις λιπόμενος,

Having left good books to his friends,

ἐτάφη ὁ ποιητὴς ὑπὸ τῶν νεᾱνιῶν τῶν εὖ καὶ καλῶς διδαχθέντων.

the poet was buried by the young men who had been taught well and nobly.

23. τὰ̄ς οἶνον κλεψά̄σᾱς γραψάμεναι κλοπῆς,

Good (ladies), having indicted the wine thieves (fem.) of theft,

ὦ ἀγαθαί, φυλάξομεν τά̄ς γ’ οἰκίᾱς.

we will guard the houses.

24. νῦν τοι δῶρά γε πέμποιμεν παρὰ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς τοὺς τὸν στρατὸν εἰς μάχην τεταχότας.

Now, you know, if only we send gifts at least to the good men who have stationed the army into battle.

ἄνευ γὰρ ἀρετῆς οἱ στρατηγοὶ λύ̄σουσι τὴν δημοκρατίᾱν τούς τε δικαίους βλάψαντες

For without virtue, the generals will destroy the democracy after having harmed the just men

καὶ ἄδικά τε καὶ αἰσχρὰ πρά̄ξαντες.

and done both unjust and shameful things.

25. ἧκόν τοι εἰς τὴν νῆσον ὡς παύσοντες τὸν πόλεμον,

They had come, you know, to the island in order to stop the war (they claimed),

ἤθελον δὲ κλέψαι τά̄ς τ’ αἶγας καὶ τὸν οἶνον,

but they wished to steal both the goats and the wine,

τὰ δῶρα ἃ τῇ γε θεῷ ἐπεπόμφεμεν.

the gifts which we had sent to the goddess.

26. κωλύ̄σωμεν δὴ ἐκεῖνον τὸν γέροντα τοὺς νεᾱνίᾱς διδάσκειν οἷα τὸν οἶνον ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς κλέψαντα;

Are we indeed to prevent that old man from teaching the young men because he stole the wine from the house?

27. ἆρα πέντε ἡμερῶν ἥξετ’ εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν γῆν τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς τὴν ῥητορικὴν διδάξουσαι;

Will you come into that land within five days in order to teach the citizens rhetoric?

ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἂν διδάξαιτ’ ἐκείνους ὑπὸ γε γερόντων φυλαττόμεναι.

But you might not teach them if you (fem.) are guarded by the old men at any rate.

28. ἐν τῇ νήσῳ λειφθέντες ἅτε τὴν δημοκρατίᾱν λελυκότες,

Having been left on the island since they have destroyed the democracy,

ἔπειτα ὅμως, ἀργύριον κλέψαντες,

nevertheless they then, after having stolen money,

πάντας τοὺς εὖ πεπολῑτευμένους ἔβλαπτον.

were harming all the citizens who were well-governed.

29. ἐν οἴνῳ τοι καὶ ἐκεῖνος ὁ σοφὸς αἰσχρὰ ἔπρᾱττεν·

In wine, you know, even that wise man used to do shameful things.

λιπὼν γὰρ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἐχόρευε περὶ τὴν οἰκίᾱν.

For having left his brothers, he used to dance around the house.

(i.e. Under the influence of wine)

30. θεοῖς ταῖς τὴν γῆν πεφυλαχυίαις ἄγοιτ’ ἂν θυσίᾱν ἅτ’ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ μάχῃ σωθεῖσαι.

You might (OR: could) perform a sacrifice to the goddesses who have guarded the land since you were saved in that battle.

31. οἵ γε ῥήτορες ἔπειθον τὸν στρατηγόν,

The orators, at least,

καίπερ εὖ τάξαντα τοὺς ὁπλί̄τᾱς,

were persuading the general neither to lead the other army to the sea nor to guard the land,

μήτε τὸν ἄλλον στρατὸν ἀγαγεῖν παρὰ θάλατταν μήτε τὴν γῆν φυλάττειν.

even though the hoplites were well stationed.

32. ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν διδασκόμενοι, ὦ ἀδελφοί,

My brothers, since (OR: if) you are taught by good men,

δώρων γράψεσθε τοὺς ῥήτορας τοὺς τοῖς μὴ ἀγαθοῖς πειθομένους.

you will indict of bribery the orators, the ones who obey men who are not good.

33. μάχης ἀρξάμενοι βλάψαιμεν ἂν τοὺς πολεμίους οἷα τὴν εἰρήνην λύ̄σαντας.

If we should start a battle, we would harm the enemy since they destroyed the peace.

34. ἐά̄ν γε πάντα τὸν οἶνον κλέψῃς,

Young man, if you steal all the wine,

ὦ νεᾱνίᾱ, βλαβήσει ἅτε ἄδικα πρά̄ξᾱς.

you will be harmed since you will have done [lit. did] unjust things.

35. τούς γε πολεμίους βλάψᾱσαι ἔπειτα θῡσόμεθα τῇ θεῷ

If we harm the enemy, at any rate, we will then sacrifice to the goddess

ἅτε φυλαττούσῃ ἁπάντων τῶν πολῑτῶν καὶ τὰ σώματα καὶ τὰ χρήματα καὶ τὰς ψυχάς.

because she is guarding the bodies, money and souls of all the citizens.

36. εἰ τῷ ῥήτορι τῷ λόγους περὶ πολέμου γράφοντι ἐπείθεσθ’,

If you, O Greeks, were obeying the orator writing speeches about war,

ὦ Ἕλληνες, εὖ ἂν ἐφυλάττεσθε τοὺς ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τὰ ὅπλα λιπόντας.

you would [now] be guarding against the men who left their weapons in the battle.

1. Although being harmed by the young men,

καίπερ βλαπτόμενοι ὑπό γε τῶν νεανιῶν,

the citizens refused to dissolve the democracy,

οὐκ ἤθελον οἱ πολῖται τὴν δημοκρατίαν λῦσαι.

and the general led the soldiers into the country

ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς ἤγαγε τοὺς στρατιώτας εἰς τὴν χῶραν

in order that he might rule the island.

ὅπως τῆς νήσου ἄρχοι.

2. If they are harmed in battle,

ἐὰν βλαβῶσιν ἐν μάχῃ,

the enemy will be willing to stop the war.

οἱ πολεμίοι ἐθελήσουσι παῦσαι τὸν πόλεμον.

3. If, you know, we had left the general and all the hoplites there,

εἴ τοι τὸν στρατηγὸν καὶ πάντας τοὺς ὁπλίτας ἐλίπομεν ἐκεῖ,

we would not have stopped the battle.

τὴν μάχην οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαμεν.

4. Let us lead the stolen goat into the house of the soldiers who were sent into battle.

ἀγαγώμεν κλαπέντα αἶγα εἰς στρατιωτῶν οἰκίαν εἰς μάχην πεμφθέντων (ταχθέντων).

1. (a) εἰ ἀδικοίης, νῑκῷο ἄν.

If you should do wrong, you would be conquered.

(b) ἐὰ̄ν ταῦτα ποιῆτε, τῑμᾶσθε.

If you do these things, you are honored.

If we should do this, we would conquer.

(d) μὴ ἀδικοῦσα, οὐκ ἂν νῑκῷο.

If you (fem.) do not do wrong, you would not be conquered.

(e) μὴ ἀδικῶν, οὐκ ἂν νῑκῷο.

If you (masc.) do not do wrong, you would not be conquered

(f) τόδε ποιοῦντες, νῑκῷμεν ἄν.

If we (should) do this, we would conquer.

2. (a) εἰ τοῦτο ἐποίουν, ἐτῑμώμην ἄν.

If I were doing this, I would be honored [now].

(b) εἰ οὗτοι τούσδε ἠδίκουν, οὐκ ἂν ἐτῑμῶντο.

If these men were wronging those men, they would not be honored [now].

If he should not perform a sacrifice, he would not win.

3. ταῦτα μὲν γέγραπται, ὦ Ἀθηναῖοι,

These (preceding) things, Athenians,

περὶ τῶν ἀγαθοῦ ἀνθρώπου τρόπων τοῖς ποιηταῖς

have been written about the manners (character) of the good human being by the poets

τοῖς εὖ τε καὶ καλῶς διδάξᾱσι πάντας γε τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς,

who taught all the citizens well and nobly,

τάδε δὲ γράφουσιν οἱ ῥήτορες οἱ νῦν πείθοντες τὸν δῆμον.

while the orators who are now persuading the people are writing the following.

4. καλόν τοι τὸ ταύτης τῆς γῆς ὕδωρ,

The water of this land is fine, you know,

κακοὶ δὲ οἱ ἄνθρωποι.

but (its) people are bad.

5. τάττοιντ’ ἂν ἢ παρὰ τῇ γεφύρᾱͅ ἢ ὑπὲρ τὸ πεδίον οἱ ὁπλῖται

The hoplites that were left on the island by the general

οἱ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ λειφθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ.

could be stationed either beside the bridge or above the plain.

6. οὔτε καλὸν οὔτ’ ἀγαθὸν τὰ τῶν ἄλλων κλέπτειν.

To steal the things of others is neither noble nor good.

ἀδικοῦντες γὰρ οὐ τῑμῶνται ὑπὸ τῶν πολῑτῶν οὗτοι,

For when they do wrong, they are not honored by the citizens,

οἳ ἂν ὑπὸ τῶν ῥητόρων κλοπῆς γράφωνται.

if anyone is indicted of theft by the orators.

7. εἰ τάδε τὰ ὅπλα εἰς ταύτην γε τὴν νῆσον μὴ ἐπέμφθη,

If these arms here had not been sent to this island,

οὔτ’ ἂν μάχῃ ἐνῑκήσατ’ ἐκείνους τοὺς πολεμίους

you neither would have defeated in battle that enemy

τοὺς βλάπτοντας τὴν χώρᾱν οὔτε νῦν θυσίᾱς ἐποιεῖσθε ὡς σωθέντες.

who was harming (your) land, nor would you now be performing sacrifices because you were saved.

8. καίπερ εὖ δεδιδαγμένος, ὅμως αἰσχρὰ ἔπρᾱττες.

Although you had been taught well, you were nevertheless doing shameful things.

9. τοὺς εἰρήνην ἄγοντας τῑμῶσι πάντες ἅτε δίκαια πρά̄ττοντας.

Everyone honors those who keep the peace since they do just things.

10. οὐκ ἐτί̄μων οἱ πολῖται ἐκεῖνον οἷα τά τε τοῦ δήμου κλέπτοντα καὶ πάντας ἀδικοῦντα.

The citizens were not honoring that man because he was both stealing the things of the people and wronging everyone.

11. τῆσδε τῆς νυκτὸς χορεύσουσι πέντε τῶν χορευτῶν τῶν πεμφθέντων παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν εἰς τὸ τῆς θεοῦ ἱερόν.

Five of the dancers who were sent beside the sea into the temple of the goddess will dance during this night.

ἥκουσι γὰρ οἱ ὁπλῖται οἵ γ’ ἀγαθοὶ μετὰ τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων νί̄κην τοὺς θεοὺς τῑμήσοντες.

For the hoplites have come, the ones, at any rate, who are good, after the victory of the barbarians in order to honor the gods.

12. ἀγαθὸν μὲν τούτοις ἡ νί̄κης ἐλπίς,

While the hope of victory is good for these men,

κακὸν δὲ ὁ τῶν γε πολεμίων φόβος.

the fear of the enemy, at any rate, is bad.

13. ἐτί̄μων οἱ γέροντες τοῦτον τὸν ῥήτορα,

The old men honored this orator,

ὅς γε ἄνευ τοῦ γράμματα γράφειν τοὺς νεᾱνίᾱς λόγοις διδάσκοι περὶ τῶν τῆς βουλῆς καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίᾱς πρᾱγμάτων.

whoever, at any rate, without writing down letters, taught the young men by speeches about the affairs of the Council and the Assembly.

οὕτως γὰρ πεπαιδευμένοι ἦρχον ἁπᾱσῶν τῶν νήσων.

For (after) having been educated in this way they ruled all the islands.

14. οἱ μὲν ἐλεύθεροι πολῑτεύονται,

While free men are governed

οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι ὑπ’ αἰσχρῶν ἄρχονται.

others are ruled by shameful men.

15. λιπόντες τὰ ὅπλα λόγοις κακὸν ποιῶμεν τοὺς δικαίους;

Having left (our)´ weapons, are we to do a bad thing to the just with speeches?

16. τὴν γνώμην βλάπτει οἶνος ἄνευ ὕδατος.

Wine without water impairs the judgment.

17. ἄλλα τε ζῷα καὶ καλὰ̄ς αἶγας εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀγαγόντες

After having led both fine goats and other animals into the temple we shall both perform sacrifices

καὶ θυσίᾱς ποιησόμεθα

καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν νύκτα χορεύσομεν τοὺς θεοὺς τῑμῶντες ἅτε τὸν στρατὸν σώσαντας.

and dance the whole night honoring the gods because they saved the army.

18. ἐτάττοντο οἱ ὁπλῖται ἐν τῷδε τῷ ὑπὲρ τῆς ὁδοῦ πεδίῳ.

The hoplites were being stationed in this plain beyond the road.

καίτοι οἱ ἄλλοι ἐκ τῆσδε τῆς χώρᾱς ἐπέμποντο εἰς ἐκείνᾱς τὰ̄ς νήσους ἐν αἷς πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἠδικεῖτο.

And further, the others were being sent out of this land to those islands in which everyone (lit. human being) was being wronged by the enemy.

19. καὶ οἱ κατὰ γῆς τοῖς φίλοις τετί̄μηνται.

Even those beneath the earth have been honored by their friends.

ἀθάνατος γάρ τοι ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν δόξα.

For the reputation of the good is immortal, you know.

20. ὦ Ἕλληνες στρατιῶται, νῑκώμεθ’ ὑπὸ τῶνδε τῶν δούλων;

Greek soldiers, are we to be conquered by these slaves?

ἐὰ̄ν γὰρ μὴ νῑκήσωμεν, λυθήσεται ἡ δημοκρατίᾱ.

For if we do not win, the democracy will be destroyed.

ταύτης οὖν τῆς ἡμέρᾱς μήτε νῑκηθῶμεν μήτ’ εἰρήνην πρὸ τῆς νί̄κης ποιησώμεθα.

During this day, therefore, let us neither be conquered nor let us make peace before victory.

21. ὀνόματι μὲν εἰρήνην ἐκεῖνοι ἐποιοῦντο,

In name they were making peace,

ἔργῳ δὲ ὅ γε πόλεμος οὐκ ἐπαύετο.

while by deed the war, at any rate, was not being stopped.

22. πέπεμψαί τοι ὑπὲρ τὸ πεδίον,

Young man, you have been sent, you know,

ὦ νεᾱνίᾱ, ὅπως τοὺς βαρβάρους σὺν ἀγαθῷ δαίμονι νῑκᾷς.

beyond (above) the plain so that you may conquer the barbarians with the [help] of the good divinity.

23. γνώμῃ μὲν καὶ ῥητορικῇ ἱκανὸς οὗτος,

In judgment and in rhetoric this man is capable,

ἐμπειρίᾱͅ δὲ τῇ τῶν τῆς ἐκκλησίᾱς πρᾱγμάτων οὔ.

but in experience of the affairs of the assembly he is not.

24. πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἐκείνᾱς τὰ̄ς αἶγας τὰ̄ς καλὰ̄ς θεῷ τῷ τὸν δῆμον σώσαντι ἐθῡσάμεθα.

Before the battle we had those fine goats sacrificed to the god who saved the people.

τούτῳ γὰρ τρόπῳ ἐσῴζοντο θ’ ἡγεμόνες καὶ ἄλλοι.

For in this manner both the leaders and the others were being saved.

25. ὦ ἄδελφε, τοῦτόν γε μήτε κακῶς ποιοίης μήτε τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ βλάπτοις κλέπτων τὰ χρήματα.

Brother, if only you would not do bad (things) to this man nor harm [him] in this way stealing (his) property.

26. καλὸς καὶ τοῖς πάλαι καὶ τοῖς νῦν ὁ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς ἀγών.

The contest (struggle) over freedom is noble, both to the men of old and to those of today.

ἆθλον γὰρ τούτου τοῦ ἀγῶνος βίος ἀγαθός.

For the prize of this struggle (contest) is a good life.

27. ἐν ὕδατι γράφεις τοὺς τούτων λόγους;

Are you writing the speeches of these [men] in water?

28. ἄλογον δὴ τὸ μήτε μάχης ἄρξασθαι μήτε τοὺς φίλους φυλάξαι,

It is in fact unreasonable neither to begin a battle nor to guard (one’s)

ἐὰ̄ν ὑπό γε τῶνδε τῶν βαρβάρων ἀδικῆσθε.

friends if you are wronged by these barbarians.

29. εἰ ταῦτ’ ἐποιοῦ, οὐκ ἂν ἐνῑκῶ.

If you were doing these things, you would not be conquered (now).

30. πεῖράν γ’ ἐποιεῖσθε.

You were making an attempt at least.

1. Friend, may you not, honored by those unjust young men,

εἰ γάρ, ὦ φίλε, μὴ κακὰ ποιοίης τούτους τοὺς μικροὺς γέροντας

do bad things to these short old men.

τιμώμενος ὑπό γ’ ἐκείνων τῶν νεανιῶν τῶν ἀδίκων.

2. It is unreasonable, you know, to do shameful things;

ἄλογόν τοι αἰσχρὰ ποιεῖν.

whoever without justice wrongs others,

ὃς ἂν ἄνευ (τῆς) δίκης ἀδικῇ ἄλλους,

that one will justly be harmed by the gods.

οὗτος δικαιῶς βλαβήσεται ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν.

3. Are we neither to honor nor do good to these women

ταύτας μήτε τιμῶμεν μῆτε καλῶς ποιῶμεν,

who have guarded those houses in silence?

αἳ σιγῇ ἐκείνας τὰς οἰκίας πεφυλάχασιν;

4. Before those contests the Greeks used to sacrifice both goats

ταύτας μήτε τιμῶμεν μῆτε καλῶς ποιῶμεν,

and other animals to these goddesses

πρὸ ἐκείνων τῶν ἀγώνων οἱ Ἕλληνες ἄλλα τε ζῷα

in order that they might not be conquered.

καὶ τὰς αἶγας ἔθυον ταύταις ταῖς θεαῖς ὅπως μὴ νικῷντο.

1. εν αληθείᾱͅ εῦ πολῑτευομέναισι πόλεσι

In the truly well-governed cities

ουχ δῆμος αλλα νόμος βασιλεύς·

not people but law is king.

πᾶς γὰρ πολί̄της πειθόμενος νόμοισι πρά̄ττει δίκαια

For every citizen, obeying laws, does just things

ὥστε πόλιν σῷζεσθαι γε ἐκ κινδύ̄νων τε καὶ φόβων.

so as for city to be saved from both dangers and fears.

2. ποιητὴς τῇ βασιλέως θυγατρὶ ἐδήλου τὰ ποιήματα τὰ περὶ τῆς φύσεως γεγραμμένα.

poet used to show to king’s daughter poems that had been written about nature.

3. ὦ πάτερ, ἐξενῑκήθησάν τε σύμπαντες οἱ πολέμιοι

Father, all the enemy was defeated by the well-born soldiers

ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τῶν εὐγενῶν καὶ ἡ εὐδαίμων πόλις ἐσώθη.

and the fortunate city was saved.

νῑκήσᾱς γὰρ ταῦτ’ ἀπήγγειλε καὶ τῇ βουλῇ

For after having conquered, the general who

καὶ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾱͅ ὁ στρατηγὸς ὁ μετὰ τὴν μάχην εἰς τὴν Ἀθηναίων πόλιν ἀποπεμφθείς.

was sent away into the city of the Athenians after the battle reported these things both in the council and in the assembly.

μενεῖ οὖν οὗτος ἐν πόλει μετὰ γε τῶν φίλων ὡς θυσίᾱς τοῖς θεοῖς ἄξων.

He will therefore remain in [the] city with his friends in order to perform sacrifices to the gods.

4. εἰ ἄνευ ἐκείνων τῶν ἱππέων τῶν εὐδαιμόνων μὴ ἤθελον εἰς μάχην τάξασθαι οἱ ὁπλῖται ὑπέρ γε τοῦ τοὺς πολεμίους φυλάξασθαι, ἡ τῆς πόλεως ἀρχὴ ἀληθῶς ἂν ἐλύ̄ετο. ταύτην δὴ τὴν πόλιν ἀξιοῖμέν γ’ ἀρχῆς.

If without those fortunate horsemen the hoplites were refusing to be stationed into battle beyond the guarding against the enemy, the rule (empire) of the city would be truly destroyed. If only we deemed this city worthy of rule (empire).

5. ἀγαθόν τοι χρῆμα ἡ ἀρετὴ τοῖς γ’ εὖ πεπαιδευμένοις.

Virtue is a good possession,you know, at least to those who have been educated well.

6. ὦ σῶφρον θύγατερ, μὴ ἀδικήσῃς πεισθεῖσα τοῖς τούτου τοῦ κακοῦ ἱππέως λόγοις. εἰ γάρ ποτ’ αἰσχρὰ ποιήσειας, οὔτοι τῑμῷτο ἂν ἡ μήτηρ.

My wise daughter, do not do wrong, having been persuaded by the speeches of this bad horseman. For if ever you should do shameful things, your mother would not indeed be honored.

7. γράψαι ὁ Δημοσθένης μακρὸν λόγον περὶ τῶν ἐν πολέμῳ παθῶν τῶν φοβερῶν ὣστε τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς μὴ λῦσαι τὴν εἰρήνην, καίπερ τοῦτ’ ἐθέλοντας ποιῆσαι. εἰρήνην γὰρ ἄγοντες σῷζοιντ’ ἄν.

If only Demosthenes would write a long speech about the frightful sufferings in war so as for the citizens not to destroy the peace, even though they are wishing to do this. For if they should keep peace they would be saved.

8. τὰ χρήματ’ ἐν ταῖς οἰκίαις λιποῦσαι αἱ σώφρονες ἔμενον ἐκεῖ παρὰ τῇ θαλάττῃ φυλαξόμεναι τοὺς πολεμίους.

After leaving their goods (money) in the houses, the prudent (temperate) women were staying there beside the sea in order to guard against the enemy.

9. οὕτω φοβερὸν τόδε γε τὸ πάθος ὥστε Δημοσθένη ἐθέλειν τελευτῆσαι. τοῦτον δὴ ἄ̄θλου ἀξιώσωμέν ποτε τὸν αἰσχρὰ πρά̄ξαντα;

So frightful is this suffering as for Demosthenes to wish to die. Are we in fact ever to deem worthy of a prize this man who did shameful things?

10. ἀληθῶς δὴ εὐδαίμων ἡ τοῖς γε τῆς πόλεως νόμοις πειθομένη καὶ ἅμα τόν τε πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα τῑμῶσα καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς θυσίᾱς ἄγουσα καὶ μὴ ἄδικά ποτε πεπρᾱχυῖα. αὕτη γάρ τοι καὶ θεοῖς καὶ ἀνθρώποις οὕτω φίλη ὥσθ’ ὑφ’ ἁπάντων τῑμᾶται.

Truly happy, in fact, is the woman who obeys the laws of the city and who at the same time honors both (her) mother and father, who performs sacrifices to the gods and who has never done unjust things. For this woman, you know, is so dear to both gods and men that she is honored by all.

11. πότε ὑπέρ γε τούτων τῶν πόλεων τῷ τε πατρὶ τῶν θεῶν καὶ τῇ γῇ, μητρὶ καὶ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων, θύ̄σει ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἐκκαλούμενος;

When will the priest, the one called out from the city, sacrifice on behalf of these cities to both the father of the gods and to Earth, mother of both gods and men?

12. τόν γε Σωκράτη τῑμᾶσθαι ἀξιοῦμεν οἷα τούς τε πολί̄τᾱς τὴν ἀληθῆ ἀρετὴν ἐκδιδάξαντα καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἀληθῶς εὐδαίμονα ποιοῦντα.

We consider Socrates worthy of being honored because he (has) thoroughly taught the citizens true virtue and making the city truly happy.

13. ἀγγείλω τῇ ἐκκλησίᾱͅ πάντα τὰ πάθη τὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν οὓς ἐξῆγεν ὁ στρατηγός; ταῦτα γὰρ τῇ πά̄σῃ πόλει δηλοῦσα τὸν πόλεμον ἂν παύοιμι. ταῦτ’ οὖν ἀγγελῶ.

Am I to announce in the assembly all the sufferings of the men whom the general led out? For if I (should) make these things clear to the whole city I would stop the war. I will therefore announce these things.

14. πότε τὴν θυγατέρα τῇ θεῷ ἔθῡσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ὅπως ἐξαγάγοι τὸν στρατόν;

When did the king sacrifice his daughter to the goddess with the result that he might lead the army?

15. τῷ τὸν βασιλέᾱ μὴ θῦσαι τῇ θεῷ τὴν θυγατέρα ἐκεκώλῡτο ὁ πόλεμος ὥστ’ εἰρήνην ἤγομεν.

By the king’s not sacrificing his daughter to the goddess the war had been prevented with the result that we were keeping the peace.

16. οὔθ’ ὁ χρῡσὸς μένει οὔθ’ ὁ ἄργυρος, ἀλλὰ μενεῖ ἥ γε δόξα τῶν εὐγενῶν τῶν τοῖς ποιηταῖς δεδιδαγμένων τὰ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔργα.

Neither gold nor silver endures (abides), but the reputation of (the) noble men who have been taught by the poets the deeds of good men will endure.

17. τοῖς αἰξὶ τοῖς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τεθυμένοις τῑμῶνται οἱ θεοὶ ὥστε σῷζουσι τὴν πόλιν. ἄνευ γὰρ θυσιῶν ἐχθροὶ οἱ θεοὶ καὶ καλοῦσι τοὺς πολεμίους εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐν μάχῃ νῑκήσοντας.

The gods are honored by the goats that have been sacrificed in the temple with the result that they are saving the city. For without sacrifices the gods are hostile and will call (beckon) the enemies into the land in order that they conquer in battle.

18. ἅτ’ ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρᾱς τελευτήσων τὸν βίον, ὁ Σωκράτης ἐδήλου τοῖς νεᾱνίαις τὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς γένη.

Since his life was about to end during that day, Socrates was showing the young men the kinds of virtue.

19. ἄλλῳ τοι γένει ἀνθρώπων ἄλλο καλόν. νόμῳ γὰρ ποιεῖ πᾶς ἃ ἂν ποιῇ.

To one class of men, you know, one thing is noble, to another [class of men] another [thing]. [ALT. To different classes of men different things are noble.] For all do whatever they do by law.

20. ὦ εὔδαιμον Σώκρατες, τὴν ἀρετῆς φύσιν τοῖς φίλοις δηλοῖς; ἐὰ̄ν γὰρ τὴν ἀρετὴν εὖ δηλοῖς, οὔτοι ἀδικήσουσιν, ἀλλ’ εἰ μὴ τοῦτ’ εὖ δηλοῖς, κακὰ ἂν πρά̄ττοιεν. καλῶς δὴ ποιεῖς ἅπαντα τὰ ἀγαθὰ δηλῶν.

Happy Socrates, are you showing your friends the nature of virtue? For if you show virtue well, they will indeed not do wrong, but if you should not show this well, they would do bad things. You do well (nobly), in fact, when you show all the good things.

21. μὴ πρὸ τοῦ τέλους τοῦ ἀγῶνος νῑκηθείς, ἄ̄θλου ἠξιώθης ἄν.

If you had not been defeated before the end of the contest, you would have been thought worthy of a prize.

22. εἰρήνην καλεῖς δὴ τὸ πολέμου τέλος;

Do you in fact call peace the end of war?

23. τοῖς τε πατράσι καὶ ταῖς μητράσι τῶν στρατιωτῶν τῶν ἐν τῷδε τῷ πεδίῳ τεθαμμένων οὐχ ἱκανοὶ οἵ γε λόγοι οἱ ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥήτορος δηλούμενοι περὶ τῆς τε καλῆς δόξης καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς τῆς νῦν σεσωμένης.

To both the fathers and mothers of the soldiers that have been buried in this plain the speeches delivered (shown) by the orator about the fine reputation and the freedom that has now been saved are not sufficient.

24. πότε τελευτήσει τὰ τῶν γε διδασκάλων πάθη;

When will the sufferings of the teachers at least end?

25. ἅτε αἰσχρὰ πρά̄ξᾱσαν ἀπέπεμψεν ὁ ἀνὴρ τὴν θυγατέρα ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν.

Because she had done shameful things, the man sent his daughter away out of his sight [lit. eyes].

26. ἀγαθὸν δὴ τῇ πόλει τὸ τόν γε Σωκράτη τοὺς νεᾱνίᾱς ἐκπαιδεύειν.

Socrates’ thoroughly teaching the young men is in fact good for the city.

27. τοὺς ἐν τέλει δώρων γραψώμεθα οἷα παρὰ τοὺς νόμους τὰ τοῦ δήμου κλέψαντας ὥστ’ ἐνῑκᾶτο ἡ πόλις.

Let us indict those in office of bribery since they stole the things of the people contrary to the laws with the result that the city was conquered.

28. καίπερ οἶνον κεκλοφότες, εἰς δίκην ὅμως οὐ κληθήσονται.

Although having stolen wine, they will nevertheless not be summoned (called) to trial (justice).

1. Let us order the priest to leave all the goats for the mother of the king in order that she may sacrifice on behalf of the soldiers who won.

τόν γε ἱερεὰ κελεύσωμεν πάντας τὰς αἶγας λιπεῖν τῇ τοῦ βασιλέως μητρὶ ὅπως θύῃ ὑπὲρ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τῶν νικησάντων.

2. Do you think whoever is not conquered in the contests worthy of a prize or a crown?

τοῦτον ἄθλου ἀξιοῖς ἢ στεφάνου ὃς ἂν οὐ νικηθῇ ἐν τοῖς ἀγοῦσιν;

3. The horsemen were so well taught by the old men as to be thought worthy of prizes and gifts in all the contests.

οὕτως ἐκεδιδάχθησαν οἱ ἱππεῖς ὑπὸ τῶν γερόντων ὥστε ἀξιωθῆναι ἄθλων καὶ δώρων ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἀγοῦσιν.

4. By Socrates’ being willing to die on behalf of virtue we are taught to do good.

τῷ τὸν Σωκράτη ἐθέλειν ὑπὲρ ἀρετῆς τελευτᾶν καλῶς ποιεῖν διδασκόμεθα.

5. The fathers of the soldiers called out of the city fell into order of battle so that at least the small houses were saved.

οἱ τὼν στρατιωτῶν πατέρες τῶν (ἐκ) τῆς πόλεως ἐκκληθέντων εἰς μάχην ἐτάξοντο ὥστε αἵ γε μικραὶ οἰκίαι ἐσώθησαν.

1. τοῦ αὐτοῦ γε ῥήτορος ἐκ τῆς νήσου ἥκοντος αὐτοὶ ἠκούσαμεν τάδε· Ἀκούετε, ὦ πολῖται. ἐπειδὰν οἱ ταύτης τῆς γυναικὸς φονεῖς εἰς ἀγορὰ̄ν ἥκωσι τὰ χρήματα λαβόντες, φόνου δίκην γράψομαί πως αὐτοὺς πάντας.

We ourselves heard the following from the same orator who has come from the island. Hear, citizens. When the murderers of this woman come to the market place (after) having taken the money, I will somehow indict them all with (a charge of) murder.

2. ὅτε φίλων χάριν αἰσχρὰ ποιοῖτε, ὦ θυγατέρες, ὑπὸ τῶν τε σωφρόνων καὶ τῶν δικαίων πάντων οὐκ ἐτῑμᾶσθε κακῶς ἀκούουσαι. δίκαια οὖν πρά̄ττουσαι ἀξιώθητε τῑμῆς.

Daughters, whenever you were doing shameful things for the sake of (your) friends, you were not honored by the prudent and all the just as you were spoken of badly. So do just things, therefore, and be considered worthy of honor.

3. οὔ τοι διὰ τὴν πρᾱγμάτων ἐμπειρίᾱν ἀλλ’ ἀγαθῇ πως τύχῃ πρά̄ττει ἃ ἂν πρά̄ττῃ ἐκεῖνος ὁ στρατηγὸς ὁ εὐτυχής. τῑμώντων οὖν αὐτὸν οἱ πολῖται.

That lucky general does whatever he does not because of experience of affairs, you know, but somehow by good luck. So let the citizens honor him.

4. ὅταν οἱ ποιηταὶ βιβλία γράφωσι περὶ κακῶν τε καὶ ἀφρόνων γυναικῶν οἶνον κλεπτουσῶν καὶ αἰσχρὰ ποιουσῶν, οὐ βούλονται οἵ γε νεᾱνίαι τοὺς νόμους τοὺς τῆς πόλεως φυλάττειν. ἐκείνους δὴ μὴ ἀξιώσητε ἄ̄θλων ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσιν.

Whenever the poets write books about both bad and foolish women who steal wine and who do shameful things, the young men, at least, do not want to guard the city’s laws. Do not consider them in fact worthy of prizes in the contests.

5. τότε μὲν κατά γε τοὺς νόμους ἤρχετέ πως τοῦ δήμου ἀποδεχόμενοι τοὺς τῶν δικαίων λόγους, νῦν δὲ μετὰ τὸν τούτου τοῦ ῥήτορος φόνον τελευτήσετε τὸν βίον ὀκτὼ ἡμερῶν διὰ τὴν ὕβριν.

You somehow used to rule the people at that time according to the laws when you used to accept the speeches of the just, while now after the murder of this orator you will end your life within eight days because of your insolence.

6. τῆς αὐτῆς νυκτὸς αὐτὸς ὁ Δημοσθένης οἷα ἐκ κινδύ̄νων σωθεὶς κήρῡκα τῇ γε μητρὶ πέμψαι ἐβουλήθη κελεύσοντα αὐτὴν οἶνόν τε καὶ ζῷα λαβοῦσαν καὶ τοὺς φίλους ἐκκαλοῦσαν θεοῖς τοῖς σωτῆρσι θῦσαι. ταῦτ’ οὖν τοῦ κήρῡκος ἀγγείλαντος, ἔθῡσεν ἡ μήτηρ.

Demosthenes himself, since he was saved from danger, wanted to send during the same night a herald to his mother, ordering her to sacrifice to the savior gods after having taken both wine and (sacrificial) animals and having called out her friends. So after the herald had announced these things, the mother sacrificed.

7. οὔτε ἀγαθὸς ψῡχῇ οὔτε σώφρων ὃς ἄν ποτ’ ἔρωτί τε καὶ σώματος κάλλει δουλεύων βούληται τὰ τῆς πόλεως πρά̄ττειν. πῶς γὰρ ἂν οὗτος ἄρχοι ἢ τῶν ἄλλων πολῑτῶν ἢ καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς οἰκίᾱς; τούτου δὴ τῆς πόλεως ἄρχοντος, νῑκηθησόμεθα.

Neither good in soul nor prudent is he who at any time while being a slave both to the love and beauty of body wants to run the affairs of the city. For how could he rule either the other citizens or even the household itself? If in fact this man rules the city, we will be conquered.

8. ὦ γύναι, ὅταν ὁ βασιλεὺς θυσίᾱν ἀγάγῃ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ἀθηναίων δήμου κακὰ πάσχοντος, λίθους λαβοῦσα μὴ βάλλε τούς γε ἱερέᾱς. ἐὰ̄ν γὰρ τοῦτο ποιήσῃς, κακὰ πείσει.

Woman, whenever the king performs a sacrifice on behalf of the Athenian people when they are suffering bad things, do not take rocks and pelt the priests. For if you do this, you will suffer.

9. ὅτε εἰς μάχην ταξαίμεθα τὴν πόλιν φυλάξοντες, τά̄ς τε γυναῖκας καὶ τὰ̄ς θυγατέρας ἐν τῇ πόλει μετὰ τῶν γερόντων ἐλείπομεν.

Whenever we were stationed for battle in order to guard the city, we used to leave both (our) wives and daughters in the city with the old men.

10. ὦ ὁπλῖτα, εἴθε μὴ ἀποβάλοις τὰ ὅπλα. ἅμα γὰρ ταῦτα ἀποβαλὼν οὔτ’ ἄν ποτ’ ἐν μάχῃ σωθείης οὔτε καλῶς ἀκούσει ποτέ. μένων οὖν ἐνταῦθα δόξης ἀξιώθητι.

Hoplite, if only you would not throw away your arms. For if you should throw [having thrown] those away, you would at the same time neither be saved in battle ever, nor ever be spoken of well (nobly). Stay here, then, and be considered worthy of glory.

11. ἐπεί γε ταῦτ’ ἀπήγγειλε τοῖς στρατιώταις ὁ κῆρυξ ἐκ τῆς χώρᾱς ἥκων, οἱ ὁπλῖται οἱ εὐγενεῖς τοὺς τῶν βαρβάρων ἵππους βλάψαι ἐβουλήθησαν.

After the herald who had come from the countryside announced these things to the soldiers, the well-born hoplites wanted to injure the horses of the barbarians.

12. αἴτιός τοι τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων νί̄κης ὁ τῶν βαρβάρων ἡγεμών. οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἧκεν ἐν καιρῷ παρὰ τοὺς ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ καίπερ τὴν πόλιν λιπὼν ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾱͅ ὥστε ὁ στρατὸς σύμπᾱς ἐξενῑκήθη. τοῦ δὲ στρατοῦ νῑκηθέντος, παύσατε τὸν πόλεμον.

The leader of the barbarians is responsible, you know, for the victory of the Greeks. For he in fact has not come in time to the men in the plain, although he had left the city on the same day with the result that the whole army was routed [thoroughly defeated]. And since the army has been defeated, stop the war.

13. τόνδε γε τὸν γέροντα μὴ λιπέτω ἐνταῦθα καίπερ ἐθέλοντα μένειν. τοῦδε γάρ τοι μένοντος ἐν τῇ πόλει, ὅπλοις τε καὶ λίθοις οὐ βουλήσονται πάντες ἐκείνους τοὺς πολεμίους τοὺς ἄφρονας βαλεῖν.

Do not let him leave this old man here although he wishes to stay. For if this man, you know, stays in the city, everyone will not want to pelt those foolish enemy with arms and rocks.

14. εἰς τὴν οἰκίᾱν δέδεξαι, ὦ Σώκρατες, καὶ φίλους καὶ ἐχθροὺς ὡς αὐτὸς παιδεύσων αὐτοὺς περὶ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρετῆς. ἀλλὰ παῦσαι.

You have, Socrates, welcomed both friends and enemies into your house in order to (as you say) educate them yourself about virtue itself. But stop.

15. μετά γε τὸν ὑπὲρ ταύτης τῆς πόλεως ἀγῶνα τὸ νί̄κης ἆθλον, χρῡσοῦ στέφανον, λιπών πως ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ ἥκεις ἐνταῦθα βουλόμενος τῑμηθῆναι.

After the contest over [on behalf of] this city, having somehow left the prize of victory — a crown of gold — in the plain, you have come here wanting to be honored.

16. τοῖς γε σώφροσιν οὔτοι τὸ σώματος κάλλος ἀγαθόν, ἀλλ’ οἱ τρόποι οἱ αὐτῆς τῆς ψῡχῆς. ὅταν γὰρ τὸ σῶμα ὑπ’ ἀδίκων ἀνδρῶν βλαβὲν κακὰ πάσχῃ, σῴζεταί πως ὑπὸ θεῶν ἡ τοῦ δικαίου ψῡχή. καὶ τῆς ψῡχῆς σῳζομένης, ὁ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος σῴζεται.

To the prudent, the beauty of body is not indeed good, but the character (ways) of the soul itself [is good]. For whenever the body, having been harmed by unjust men, suffers bad things, the soul of the just man is somehow saved by the gods. And when the soul is saved, the whole human being is saved.

17. πέντε ἡμερῶν ἀκούσεσθε αὐτοὶ τῶν αὐτῶν κηρύ̄κων τάδε· ὅτε τὴν νῆσον ἐλίπομεν, τῶν πολεμίων νῑκηθέντων ἐχόρευον οἱ ὀκτὼ χορευταί.

Within five days you yourselves will hear this from the same heralds. When we left the island, since the enemy had been conquered, the eight dancers were dancing.

18. φύλαξ τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῆς δημοκρατίᾱς ὁ σὺν θεοῖς τρόπῳ δικαίῳ ἄρχων τοῦ δήμου.

A guardian of both the laws and of the democracy is the man who rules the people with (the help of) the gods in a just manner.

19. πότε αὐταὶ κακὰ πάσχουσαι ἐκβαλεῖτέ πως ἐκ πόλεως τούσδε τοὺς ἄφρονας; ἐκβάλετ’ αὐτούς.

Since you are yourselves suffering bad things, when will you somehow throw out from the city these foolish men? Throw them out.

20. τῶν μὲν ἀγαθῶν καὶ δικαίων καὶ ταύτης τῆς πόλεως σωτήρων ἀκούσατε, ὦ ἄνδρες, τἀ̄ληθῆ. ἐκείνων δὲ τῶν ῥητόρων τῶν ἀφρόνων καὶ ἀδίκων καὶ τούτου τοῦ πολέμου αἰτίων ἀκούσεσθε λόγους οὐ καλούς.

Hear, men, the truth from the good and just (men) and from the saviors of this city. While from those foolish and unjust orators (who are) responsible for this war you will hear speeches (that are) not fine.

21. ἄγε δὴ ἄκουσον, ὦ γέρον· εἰσπεμφθέντων τῶν ἀγγέλων εἰς πόλιν ὑπὸ βασιλέως, ἀκούσονταί τοι πάντες οἱ πολῖται περὶ τῆς μάχης.

Come on, old man, listen. Since the messengers were sent into a city by a king, all the citizens will hear, you know, about the battle.

22. τῷ μὲν γένει ἀγαθοὶ οὗτοι, τοῖς δὲ τρόποις κακοί. κακῶς γάρ τοι τοῖς ῥήτορσι πεπαιδευμένοι κακὰ πρά̄ττουσι καὶ οἱ εὐγενεῖς. ταῦτα δηλούτω ποθ’ ὁ Σωκράτης ὁ σώφρων.

By birth, these men are good, but in their character (ways) they are bad. For even the well-born do bad things if they have been taught badly, you know, by the orators. Let Socrates the prudent show these things some time.

23. οὐχ ὕβρις τόδε, τὸ τόν τε πατέρα καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν μητέρα ἀεὶ κακῶς ποιεῖν καὶ χρῡσὸν καὶ ἀργύριον καὶ οἶνον ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς ἐκκλέπτειν καὶ θεοῖς μήτε θύ̄ειν μήτε χορεύειν;

Is this not insolence: always to do bad things to both (one’s) father and (one’s) very mother, stealing gold, silver and wine from the house, and neither sacrificing nor dancing to the gods?

24. οἷα τὸν δῆμον πείσᾱς, διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίᾱν, ὦ ἄνερ, ἐν πόλει μεῖνον.

Since you persuaded the people, on account of this cause, man, stay in the city.

25. καλοῦ ἀξιοῦντες τὴν αἰσχρὰ̄ν κακοῦ ἂν ἀξιοῖμεν τὴν σώφρονα, ἢ οὔ;

If we should think the shameful woman worthy of (something) noble, would we think the prudent woman worthy of (something) bad or not?

26. καὶ αἰσχρόν τοι καὶ ἄφρον τὸ τούς γ’ ἐχθροὺς εἰς τὴν οἰκίᾱν εἰσδεξάμενον τοὺς φίλους ἀποπέμψαι.

It is both shameful, you know, and foolish to send away one’s friends (after) having admitted one’s enemies into one’s house.

1. You yourselves used to hear Demosthenes whenever he began a speech.

αὐτοὶ τὸν Δημοσθένη ἠκούετε ὅτε λόγου ἄρξαιτο.

2. After the poet is honored by the noble young men, let the citizens sacrifice to all the muses.

ἐπειδὰν τιμᾶται ὁ ποιητὴς ὑπὸ τῶν εὐγενῶν νεανιῶν, θυσάντων οἱ πολῖται ταῖς πάσαις μούσαις.

3. Whenever Demosthenes’ father persuaded the people to guard against the enemy, he sacrificed to the gods of the city. Announce this to the citizens young man.

ἐπειδὴ ὅ γε τοῦ Δημοσθένους πατὴρ τὸν δῆμον πείσαι φυλάττεσθαι τοὺς πολεμίους, τοῖς τῆς πόλεως θεοῖς ἔθυεν. τοῦτο ἄγγειλον, ὦ νεανία, τοῖς πολίταις.

4. How are we to guard against evil speakers and foolish poets who somehow persuade the young men to wrong their mothers and fathers?

πῶς φυλαττώμεθα κακοὺς ῥήτορας καὶ ἄφρονας ποιητὰς οἵ πως πείθουσι τοὺς νεανίας ἀδικεῖν τὰς μητέρας καὶ τοὺς πατέρας;

5. I myself, you know, shall remain there in order that I may welcome the king himself in the same manner.

αὐτός τοι ἐκεῖ μενῶ ὅπως δέχωμαι τὸν βασιλεᾶ αὐτὸν τῷ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ.

6. If we ourselves should ever hit him with the same stones, he would not want to leave the gold in the market place.

εἰ αὐτοὶ βάλοιμέν ποτε αὐτὸν τοῖς αὐτοῖς λίθοις, οὐκ ἂν βούλοιτο τὸν χρυσὸν λιπεῖν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ.

1. πόθεν κατεπέμφθης εἰς ταύτην γε τὴν πόλιν ὅπως τοῖς ἐννέα καλοῖς γραφεῦσι, τοῖς τῶν θεῶν ἑρμηνεῦσι, δῶρά πως διδοίης αὐτή; τῇ γὰρ γραφικῇ τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς φύσιν τοῖς νεᾱνίαις ἀληθῶς που δεδηλώκᾱσιν οὗτοι. δικαίως οὖν τῑμηθέντων ὑπὸ πάντων.

From where were you sent into this city in order that you yourself might somehow give gifts to the nine noble writers, the interpreters of the gods? For by (the art of) writing they have, I suppose, truly made clear the nature of virtue to the young men. So let them justly be honored by everyone.

2. πῶς μόνη διδαχθῶ πρὸς τῇ ῥητορικῇ τὴν γραφικὴν ὑπὸ τοῦδε τοῦ αἰσχροῦ ζωγράφου τοῦ θυσίᾱς οὐδὲ ταῖς μούσαις ἀγαγόντος ποτέ;

How am I alone to be taught, in addition to rhetoric, (the art of) painting (writing) by this shameful painter who has never even sacrificed to the muses?

3. καὶ ὁ Ὅμηρος καὶ ὁ Δημοσθένης γραφῆς ὑπὸ πάντων που τῑμώμενοι, ἀλλὰ ῥήτωρ μὲν οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ποιητής. τῑμά̄τω αὐτοὺς ὅ γε δῆμος.

Both Homer and Demosthenes are writers who are honored, I suppose, by everyone, but while the latter is an orator, the former is a poet. Let the people, at any rate, honor them.

4. δίδαξαι τὸν ἀδελφόν γε τὴν γραφικήν. ἄνευ γὰρ ταύτης τῆς τέχνης οὔτε γράφεταί ποτε καλὰ βιβλία ὑπ’ ἀνδρῶν τῶν γραφέων καλουμένων οὔτε καλῶς ἀκούουσιν οὗτοι ὑπό γε τῶν σοφῶν.

Teach your brother, at least, (the art of) writing. For without this art neither are beautiful books ever written by men called writers, nor are they spoken of well (nobly) by the wise.

5. πρὸς τῶν ἀθανάτων μὴ φιλεῖτε τούς γε δέκα οἵ δῶρ’ ἐδίδοσαν τοῖς ἐν τέλει εἰσάξοντες εἰς τὴν γῆν τοὺς πολεμίους. ἀλλὰ τῑμήσατε δὴ Δημοσθένη ἅτε τὴν πόλιν σώσαντα.

By the Immortals, do not love the ten (men) at least who were giving bribes to those in office in order to lead the enemy into the land. But honor, in fact, Demosthenes since he (has) saved the city.

6. ἐπειδὴ μόνοι οἱ θεοὶ τὰ καλὰ διδόᾱσι τὴν πόλιν σῴζοντες, τούς γε θεοὺς φοβούμενος πείθου μᾶλλον τοῖς νόμοις οὓς ἐκεῖνοι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τιθέᾱσιν ἢ τούτοις οὓς οἱ ἄνθρωποί πως τίθενται.

Since the gods alone, saving the city, give the noble things, fear the gods and obey the laws which they set down (make) for men rather than those which men somehow set down (make) for themselves.

7. καλός τοι δημιουργὸς ἐκεῖνος ὁ θεὸς ὁ τήν τε γῆν καὶ τὰ ζῷα καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οὕτως εὖ πεποιηκώς.

A fine craftsman indeed is that god, the one who has made both the earth and the animals and mankind so well.

8. δημιουργὸς τῆς πόλεως καλείσθω οὗτος ὃς ἂν δικαίως τοὺς νόμους τοῖς πολί̄ταις τιθῇ.

Let him be called a craftsman of the city whoever justly sets down (makes) laws for the citizens.

9. ἐτίθει μὲν ὁ βασιλεὺς νόμους τοῖς ἀρχομένοις, τίθενται δὲ νῦν νόμους ἔν γε ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις οἱ πολῖται οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἐλευθέραις πόλεσι πολῑτευόμενοι.

The king used to make laws for his subjects (those being ruled), but now the citizens who are governed in free cities make laws in (their) assemblies.

10. τῆς γε πρώτης ἡμέρᾱς συνῑστάμεθά που ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾱͅ τοὺς τοῦ σοφοῦ Σωκράτους λόγους τοὺς περὶ τῆς ἀνθρώπου φύσεως ἀκουσόμενοι.

During the first day we were standing together somewhere in the house in order to hear the speeches of wise Socrates about the nature of man.

11. αἰσχροὶ δὴ καὶ ἄξιοι τοῖς πολί̄ταις θανάτου πάντες οὗτοι οἱ κακοὶ ῥήτορες οἳ ἂν δῶρα λαβόντες τὴν πόλιν τῷ τῶν βαρβάρων βασιλεῖ χρῡσοῦ ἢ ἀργύρου ἀποδιδῶνται. μὴ οὖν ἀποδιδόσθων τὰ̄ς πάντων οἰκίᾱς.

Shameful, in fact, and worthy of death by the citizens are all those bad orators, whoever, having taken bribes, sells the city to the king of the barbarians for gold or silver. So do not let them sell everyone’s houses.

12. οὐκ ἂν ἀποδιδοῖτό ποθ’ ὅ γε σοφὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν χρῡσοῦ. ὁ γὰρ χρῡσὸς οὐκ ἀεὶ μενεῖ, ἀλλ’ ἀθάνατος ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς δόξα.

The wise man, at least, would never sell virtue for gold. For gold does not always endure (stay), but the reputation of virtue is immortal.

13. πόθεν ἥξουσιν οἱ πολέμιοι; ποῦ ταξώμεθα οἱ ὁπλῖται; ποῖ βούλεσθ’ ἐξαγαγεῖν τοὺς ἱππέᾱς; πῶς ἂν ἐκσωθείη ἐκ κινδύ̄νων ἡ πόλις καὶ καλῶς ἀκούσαι; νί̄κην διδοίησάν πως ἀεὶ οἱ θεοὶ τοῖς γε κακὰ παθοῦσιν. ἔπειτα ἱστάσθων τὰ ὅπλα ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ οἱ νῑκήσαντες.

From where will the enemy come? Where are we hoplites to fall into battle order? To where do you wish to lead out the horsemen? How might the city be delivered (saved) from dangers and be spoken of nobly? If only the gods always somehow give victory to those who (have) suffered bad things. Let the victors then stand their weapons in the temple.

14. ἄδηλοι δὴ οἱ λόγοι οὓς τοῦ βαρβάρου ἑρμηνέως ἐν τῇ βουλῇ ἠκούσαμεν, ἀλλὰ φοβούμεθα μὴ οὐ τελευτᾷ ὁ πόλεμος.

The speeches which we heard in the council from the barbarian interpreter are in fact unclear, but we are afraid that the war is not over (finished, ended).

15. ἐὰ̄ν μὴ κωλύ̄σῃς ποτὲ τὸν ἀδικοῦντα, μὴ ἐκείνῳ γε συναδικήσῃς, ὦ ῥῆτορ, ἀλλὰ πείθου τοῖς τῆς πόλεως νόμοις.

If you do not ever prevent the wrongdoer, orator, do not do wrong (together) with him, but obey the laws of the city.

16. ἀληθεῖς τοι φίλοι οἱ τῇ ἀληθείᾱͅ ἀλλήλους φιλοῦντες, ἀλλ’ οὔτοι φίλοι οἳ ἂν φοβῶνται μὴ ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων βλαφθῶσιν.

Those who in truth [truly] love one another are true friends, you know, but those who are afraid that they may be harmed by one another are indeed not friends.

17. ὅτε γε συνισταῖντο πρὸς ἀλλήλας αἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων πόλεις, τότε δὴ συνήρχομεν τῶν βαρβάρων. νῦν δὲ ἀλλήλους ἀντ’ ἐκείνων βλάπτομεν ὥστε τούς γε σοφοὺς φοβηθῆναι μὴ ὑπ’ ἐκείνων ἀρχώμεθα αὐτοί.

Whenever the cities of the Greeks stood together [for] each other, we used to rule together, in fact, the barbarians then. But now we are hurting each other instead of them so as for the wise to fear that we ourselves may be ruled by them.

18. οὐκ ἀπεδέξατό που ὁ βασιλεὺς τοὺς τοῦ ἱερέως λόγους τοὺς περὶ τοῦ τὴν θυγατέρα τυθῆναι. ταύτην γὰρ φιλῶν ὁ πατὴρ οὐκ ἠξίου τελευτᾶν.

The king did not welcome (accept), I suppose, the words (speeches) of the priest about the sacrificing of his daughter. For since the father loved her, he did not think [she] deserved to die.

19. ἀγαθόν γε τὸ τὸν ἄδικον δίκην διδόναι ἁπάντων τῶν κακῶς πεπρᾱγμένων.

It is good for the wrongdoer (unjust man) to pay the penalty for all the bad things that he has done.

20. ποῖ τοὺς δέκα κήρῡκας ἐξαγάγωμεν πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ἀπαγγελοῦντας τάδε· καίπερ τὴν εἰρήνην φιλοῦντες μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν πόλεμον, ἐά̄ν γε τὴν πόλιν πρῶτοι ἀδικῆτε, καταλύ̄σομεν τὴν εἰρήνην ἅτε βλαπτόμενοι;

To where are we to lead out the ten heralds in order to announce to the barbarians the following: although we love peace rather than war, if you wrong the [our] city first, we shall destroy the peace since we are being harmed.

21. ταῦτα τὰ ὅπλα θεοῖς τοῖς σωτῆρσι ἀνατίθησι βασιλεὺς ἐν μάχῃ νῑκήσᾱς.

A king is dedicating these weapons to the savior gods after having won in battle.

22. καθίστη πως εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς καὶ σοφοὺς καλουμένους.

He was somehow appointing the good and the men called wise into the rule.

23. τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς ἐβουλήθην ἀποστῆσαι ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀθηναίων ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ’ ἐκεῖνοι φοβηθέντες οὔτ’ ἀφί̄σταντό ποτ’ οὔτε ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς λόγους γ’ ἐποιοῦντο.

I wanted the citizens to revolt from the Athenian empire (rule), but since they were afraid, they neither revolted ever nor did they make speeches on behalf of freedom.

24. ἄλλῳ τοι ἄλλην τέχνην ἐδίδου ὁ θεός· τῷ μὲν γὰρ Ὁμήρῳ καὶ τοῖς τὰ ἔπη ποιοῦσι τὴν ποιητικήν, τῷ δὲ Δημοσθένει καὶ ἄλλοις τοῖς ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾱͅ τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς λόγοις πείθουσι τὴν ῥητορικήν.

The god gave a different art to different men, you know. For to Homer and to those who make verses [he gave] (the art of ) poetics, while to Demosthenes and to others who persuade the the citizens with speeches in the assembly [he gave] rhetoric.

1. When we heard the messenger in the assembly, we feared that the heavy-armed foot-soldiers would not lead the women down to the sea.

ὅτε ἠκούσαμεν τοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἀγγέλου, ἐφοβούμεθα μὴ οἱ ὁπλῖται οὐκ ἄγοιεν τὰς γυναῖκας κατὰ τὴν θάλατταν.

2. Do not fear that the gods will not always give sufficient things to men.

μὴ φοβοῦ (φοβεῖσθε) μὴ οἱ θεοὶ οὐκ ἀεὶ διδῶσιν ἱκανὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.

3. I am afraid that the bad king always made unjust laws somehow for the men in the cities.

φοβοῦμαι μὴ ὁ κακὸς βασιλεὺς ἀδικοὺς νόμους ἀεὶ ἔθηκέ πως τοῖς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν.

4. Let the men in the market place somehow give either gold or silver to the soldiers whom we are causing to revolt.

διδόντων πως οἱ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἢ χρυσὸν ἢ ἄργυρον τοῖς στρατιώταις οὓς ἀφίσταμεν.

5. Let us always put books in the house of the public speaker in order that he may teach his brother the epic poetry composed (made) by Homer.

τιθῶμεν ἀεὶ βιβλία ἐν τῇ τοῦ ῥήτορος οἰκίᾳ ὅπως διδάσκῃ τὸν ἀδελφὸν τὰ ἔπη τὰ ποιούμενα τῷ Ὁμήρῳ.

1. (a) μὴ δῶτε χρῡσόν. Do not give gold.

(b) νόμους μὴ θῇς. Do not make laws.

(d) ἐλθέτω ὁ ἑταῖρος. Let the companion come.

(e) ἀπόδου τὰ βιβλία. Sell the books.

(f) ταῦτα μὴ γένοιτο. If only these things would not happen.

(g) στῶ ἢ φύγω; Am I to stand, or run away?

(h) ὅμοιοι τοῖσδε γένεσθε. Become like these (men).

(i) ἄργυρον δοίη. If only he gives silver.

(j) ἔλθωμεν εἰς ἀγορά̄ν. Let us go to the market place.

2. ἀγαθός που τὴν τέχνην οὗτος ὁ ζωγράφος, αἰσχρὸς δὲ τοὺς τρόπους. μηχανᾶται γὰρ μετὰ τῶν ἑταίρων ὅπως λύ̄σᾱς τὴν δημοκρατίᾱν πά̄σης τῆς πόλεως ἄρξει.

This painter is good, I suppose, with respect to his art, but shameful with respect to his ways (character). For he is contriving with his companions that after destroying the democracy he will rule the whole city.

3. ἥκοντές ποτ’ εἰς τὴν πόλιν οἱ σύμμαχοι οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς νήσου ἦλθον αὐτίκα εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίᾱν ὅπως πείσειαν τοὺς ἄρχοντας νόμον θεῖναι περὶ τοῦ ξένων φόνου. ἐὰ̄ν γὰρ μὴ θῶσι τοῦτον τὸν νόμον, ἐκεῖνοι εἰς ἄλλον γε τόπον φυγεῖν βουλήσονται.

Having come sometime into the city, the allies from the island went immediately into the assembly so that they might persuade the rulers to make a law about the murder of foreigners. For if they do not make this law, they (= the allies), at any rate, will want to flee to another place.

4. τῶν πολῑτῶν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίᾱν ἐλθόντων, ταύτῃ τῇ μηχανῇ ἔπρᾱττεν ὁ Εὐρῑπίδης ὅπως ὑπὸ τῶν ἀφρόνων τῑμηθήσεται, ἀλλ’ οἱ σώφρονες στέφανον τούτῳ καὶ τοῖς τούτου χορευταῖς οὐκ ἔδοσαν.

After the citizens went into the assembly, Euripides was bringing it about by this device that he would be honored by the foolish, but the wise did not give him and his dancers a crown.

5. καὶ σοφὰ καὶ σαφῆ τὰ τοῦ Ὁμήρου ἔπη. οὐ γὰρ ταῦτα ὅμοια τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔπεσιν.

The epic poems of Homer are both wise and clear. For these are not like the other epic poems.

6. εἴθε ὅμοιος γενοίμην Ἀριστοφάνει.

I wish that I would become like Aristophanes.

7. ἐὰ̄ν φοβηθῶμεν μὴ νῑκώμεθα, εἰς ἄλλον τόπον φευξόμεθα.

If we are afraid that we may be defeated, we will flee to another place.

8. ἡ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων κλέψᾱσα καὶ ἅμα πείσᾱσα ἄλλᾱς τὰ αὐτὰ πρά̄ττειν καὶ μὴ τοῖς θεοῖς θυσίᾱς ἄγουσα καὶ τοὺς νεᾱνίᾱς ἀδικεῖν διδάσκουσα ἔβλαπτε τὴν πᾶσαν πόλιν ἢ οὔ; δότω οὖν δίκην τῶν ἀδίκως πεπρᾱγμένων.

The woman who stole the things of others and at the same time persuaded others to do the same things and who did not perform sacrifices to the gods and who taught young men to do wrong — was she harming the whole city or not? So let her pay the penalty for the things she has done unjustly.

9. παρὰ δόξαν δὴ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐγένετο τόδε· οὐκ ἐξῆλθον οἱ σύμμαχοι ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους. ἐφοβοῦντο γὰρ μὴ νῑκῷντο.

Contrary to expectation in fact the following thing happened to the Greeks; the allies did not come out against the enemy. For they were afraid that they might be defeated.

10. ἐν πόλει τῇ εὖ πολῑτευομένῃ μεταδίδοται ἡ ἀρχή. οἱ γὰρ αὐτοὶ καὶ ἀλλήλων ἄρχουσι καὶ ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων ἄρχονται.

In the well-governed city the rule is shared. For the same men both rule each other and are ruled by each other.

11. τούτων γενομένων, οἱ πάσχοντες μαθήσονται. ἡ γὰρ ἐμπειρίᾱ διδάσκει καὶ τοὺς ἄφρονας.

If these things happen, those suffering will learn. For experience teaches even the foolish.

12. τὸν Ἀριστοφάνη τῑμώντων μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν Εὐρῑπίδην.

Let them honor Aristophanes rather that Euripides.

13. εὐδαίμων γενήσεται οὗτος, ᾧ ἂν δῶσιν οἱ θεοὶ λόγων γνώμην καὶ ἔργων ἀρετήν.

He will become happy (fortunate), to whomever the gods give, of speeches, judgment, and of deeds, virtue. [i.e. judgment in speeches, virtue in deeds]

14. ἐπὶ τόδ’ ἤλθετ’, ὦ ἄφρονες, ὡς χρῡσοῦ στέφανον τῷ Εὐρῑπίδῃ δοῖτε; τούτῳ δὴ μὴ δῶτε ἆθλον, ἀλλὰ δότε τῷ ἄλλῳ ποιητῇ.

Did you come for this purpose, foolish (people), so that you might give Euripides a crown of gold? Do not give a prize to him, but give it to another poet.

15. τὰ τείχη φυλαττέτω τοῖς πολί̄ταις τά τε σώματα καὶ τὰ χρήματα καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίᾱν. ἄνευ γὰρ τῶν τειχῶν νῑκηθέντες ἢ τελευτήσαιμεν ἂν τὸν βίον ἢ ὑπὸ ξένων δοῦλοι γενοίμεθ’ ἄν.

Let the walls guard for the citizens their bodies, their money and their freedom. For without the walls, if we should be defeated, we would either end our life or we would become slaves by strangers.

16. οἳ ἂν ταύτην τὴν πόλιν ἀργύρου ἀποδῶνται, τούτους λίθοις βαλόντων αἱ γυναῖκες μηδὲ εἰσδεχέσθων αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰ̄ς οἰκίᾱς.

Whoever sells this city for silver, let the women pelt them with stones and let (the women) not receive them in their houses.

17. ἐπειδὴ ἀπέστημεν ἀπὸ βασιλέως, δοίητ’, ὦ θεοί, καὶ κράτος καὶ νί̄κην τοῖς ἀνδράσι τοῖς τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρᾱς τοῖς πολεμίοις μαχουμένοις.

Since we revolted from the king, would that you give, O gods, both power and victory to the men who fought the enemy on this day.

18. ὁ φόνου δίκην φεύγων ταῖς κακῶν ῥητόρων μηχαναῖς οὐκ ἐσῴζετο. φονέᾱς γὰρ οὐκ ἐφίλει ὁ δῆμος.

The man running away from the penalty of murder was not saved by the devices of bad orators. For the people did not like murderers.

19. ἅτε κακὰ παθόντες ὑπὸ τῶν πολῑτῶν τῶν ἀεὶ τὰ μὲν ζῷα πάντα καταλαμβανόντων καὶ ἀπαγομένων τὰ̄ς δ’ οἰκίᾱς πά̄σᾱς καταλῡόντων βουλήθητε μάχεσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ βλαπτόμενοι εἰρήνην ἄγειν.

Since you have suffered (at the hands of) the citizens who are, on the one hand, always seizing and leading away all your animals, on the other hand, destroying all your houses, wish to fight rather than to keep peace and be harmed.

20. ἐν οἴνῳ καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἄφρονα πρά̄ττει. ὁ γὰρ οἶνος καταλύ̄ει τὴν γνώμην. μὴ οὖν τὴν γνώμην καταλύ̄ου, σοφέ.

Even the wise man does foolish things under the influence of (lit. in) wine. For wine destroys the judgment. So do not destroy your judgment, wise man.

21. τῶν ὅπλων καταβληθέντων, καὶ ἄνευ ἀσπίδος μάχου.

Although the weapons have been thrown down, fight even without a shield.

22. ὅπως ἐν τῷδε τῷ πολέμῳ ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ γενήσεσθε.

See to it that you become good men in this war.

23. καὶ τοὺς πόδας καὶ τὰ̄ς χεῖρας οὕτως ἀγαθοὶ οἵδε οἱ στρατιῶται ὥστε καὶ ἄνευ ἀσπίδων καὶ ξιφῶν τοὺς τῶν ἀδίκων ῥητόρων ἑταίρους νενῑκήκᾱσιν.

These soldiers are so good both in respect to their feet and hands that they have defeated the companions of the unjust orators even without shields and swords.

24. στήτω πρὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ καὶ τὴν ἀσπίδα τῇ θεῷ ἀναθέτω.

Let him stand before the shrine and dedicate his shield to the goddess.

25. εἴθε πρὸ τῆς ἑορτῆς τῆς ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ ἱερῷ θύ̄οιεν οἱ ἱερεῖς ὑπὲρ τούτων οἷς οἱ δαίμονες χρῡσὸν οὐκ ἔδοσαν. δότε δὴ ἀγαθὰ αὐτοῖς, ὦ θεοί.

If only the priests would sacrifice before the festival in that shrine on behalf of those men to whom the divinities did not give gold. Give them, in fact, good things, O gods.

26. ἅτε εἰληφότες παρὰ τῶν πατέρων τὸ τῆς θαλάττης κράτος, οὐ μαχούμεθα ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρχῆς;

Since we have taken the power of the sea from our fathers, will we not fight on behalf of the empire?

27. ἐκεῖνος ὁ αἰσχρὸς ῥήτωρ δῶρα δεξάμενος παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ πείσᾱς τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς εἰρήνην ποιήσασθαι ἀντὶ τοῦ μάχεσθαι ἤθελε τῑμηθῆναι.

That shameful orator after having received gifts from the king and having persuaded the citizens to make peace instead of fighting, wanted to be honored.

28. ἐπειδὴ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ ἔστημεν, τρόπαιον ἐστησάμεθα.

When we stood in the plain we set up a trophy.

29. τότε μὲν εὖ μαχεσάμενοι καὶ τοὺς πολεμίους νῑκήσαντες ἔπειτα τρόπαιον ἵ̄στατε, ὦ Ἕλληνες. νῦν δὲ καὶπερ οὐκ ἐν μάχῃ νῑκηθέντες, τοῖς βαρβάροις ὅμως πείθεσθε τὴν ἐλευθερίᾱν χρημάτων χάριν ἀποβάλλοντες.

O Greeks, having fought well then and defeated the enemy you were thereupon setting up a trophy. But now, although you are not defeated in battle, you nevertheless obey the barbarians and throw away your freedom for the sake of money.

30. ὅτε ἄργυρον τῷ ἄρχοντι ἐδίδου, τρόπαιον ἵ̄σταμεν.

When you used to give silver to the ruler, we used to set up a trophy.

1. Although being harmed, let the citizens neither dissolve the democracy nor appoint a king to rule the city.

καίπερ βλαπτόμενοι, μήτε λύσαντων οἱ πολῖται τὴν δημοκρατίαν μήτε καθιστάντων βασιλέα ὡς τῆς πόλεως ἄρξοντα.

2. That ancient king made good laws for the citizens: he contrived you know that being willing to fight on behalf of their children they would save the city.

ἐκεῖνος ὁ παλαιὸς βασιλεὺς τοῖς πολίταις ἀγαθοὺς νόμους ἔθηκεν. ἐμηχανήσατό τοι ὅπως ἐθέλοντες μαχέσθαι ὕπερ τῶν παίδων σώσουσι τὴν πόλιν.

3. If you (pl.) had not given this gold to the shameful woman, she would have fled at some time to the same island with the murderer of the seven dancers.

εἰ οὐκ ἔδοτε τοῦτον τὸν χρυσὸν τῇ αἰσχρᾷ γυναικί, ἔφυγεν ἄν ποτε εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν νῆσον μετὰ τοῦ φονέως (τοῦ) τῶν ἕπτα χορευτῶν.

4. After he came out of the house Euripides fled with his companions to another house. For his mother feared that we would hit him with stones.

ἔλθων ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας, ἔφυγεν ὁ Εὐριπίδης μετὰ τῶν ἑταίρων πρὸς τὴν ἀλλὴν οἰκίαν. ἐφοβήθη γὰρ ἡ μήτηρ μὴ τοῖς λιθοῖς αὐτὸν βάλοιμεν.

5. It is difficult to revolt from the city: having thrown away our weapons, how are we to fight soldiers experienced in war?

χαλεπὸς ἀφιστάσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως. ἀποβάλοντες τῶν ὅπλων, πῶς μαχώμεθα στρατιώτας ἐμπείρους πολέμου.

1. The Participles of (δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι);

2. The verb δείκνυμι;

3. Supplementary Use of the Participle (with λανθάνω, τυγχάνω, φθάνω)

1. ἄρξομαι μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες, τὴν Δημοσθένους ἀμαθίᾱν περὶ τῶν κοινῶν τῆς πόλεως πρᾱγμάτων δεικνῦσα, ἔπειτα δὲ πάντα δηλώσω τὰ τοῖς γ’ ἄλλοις ῥήτορσι ἀδίκως πεπρᾱγμένα.

I will begin, men, on the one hand, by showing the ignorance of Demosthenes about the common affairs of the city, then, on the other hand, I will make clear all the things that have been done unjustly by the other orators.

2. τρόπαιον ἱστάντων τῶν στρατιωτῶν, ὁ στρατηγὸς ἀποπεμψάτω εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἐννέα κήρῡκας τὴν νί̄κην ἀπαγγελοῦντας.

Since the soldiers are setting up a trophy, let the general send away nine heralds into the city in order to report the victory.

3. μετάδοτέ ποτε τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τοῖς ἐν τῇ στάσει φυγοῦσιν.

Give a share of the rule some time even to those fleeing in the civil strife.

4. ὦ φίλοι, ἐκ τῆς πόλεως αὐτίκα φυγόντες πῶς λάθοιτ’ ἂν τούσδε γε τοὺς φύλακας τοὺς ἐπὶ τῷ τείχει ἑστῶτας;

Friends, if you (should) run away from the city at once, how would you escape the notice of these guards (who have been) standing on the wall?

5. ὅταν ἕτεροι ἑτέρων ἀξιῶσιν ἄρχειν, οἱ ἀρχόμενοι ἀεὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἐπαναστήναι βούλονται. νόμῳ μὲν γάρ τοι καλὸν καὶ δίκαιον τὸ ἄλλων ὑπακούειν, φύσει δὲ κακὸν καὶ αἰσχρὸν τὸ ἄφροσιν ἀνθρώποις δουλεύειν.

Whenever some think [themselves] worthy to rule others, the (ones being) ruled always want to rise up against those ruling. For obeying others is noble and just, you know, by convention, while being a slave to foolish people is bad and shameful by nature.

6. τοῦ δήμου ἐπαναστάντος, ὁ βασιλεύς, παραδοὺς τῷ παιδὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ ἐκφυγὼν ἐκ τῆς χώρᾱς, ἔλαθέ πως τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς ἐλθὼν εἰς ἄλλην χώρᾱν ὡς ἐκεῖ παραμενῶν καὶ τελευτήσων τὸν βίον.

After the people revolted, the king, having handed over the rule to his son and having fled from the land, without somehow the citizens noticing, went to another land in order to stay and end his life there.

7. ἔτυχεν ὁ Δημοσθένης ἐπιδεικνύμενος ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τὴν ῥητορικὴν ὅτ’ εἰσῆλθον κήρῡκες ἀγγελοῦντες τὴν πάντων τῶν βαρβάρων νί̄κην.

Demosthenes happened to be displaying his rhetoric in the market place when heralds entered intending to announce the victory of all the barbarians.

8. ἄξιος δὴ κακὰ παθεῖν οὗτος ὁ τούς τε νόμους καὶ τὴν δημοκρατίᾱν καταλύ̄σᾱς καὶ τὴν πόλιν εἰς στάσιν καθιστά̄ς.

This man who has destroyed both the democracy and the laws, and who has put the city into a state of civil strife, deserves in fact to suffer bad things.

9. ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ τούτους τοὺς κινδύ̄νους ὑπομείνατε ὑπὲρ τῆς πάντων ἐλευθερίᾱς μαχόμενοι.

Men of Athens, endure even these dangers and fight on behalf of everyone’s freedom.

10. προσελθόντος τοῦ Εὐρῑπίδου, ἐτύγχανόν που αἱ παῖδες αἱ εὐγενεῖς τῇ θεῷ χορεύουσαι.

When Euripides approached, the well-born girls happened, I suppose, to be dancing to the goddess.

11. τῇ μὲν ἑτέρᾱͅ χειρὶ ἀσπίδα λαβοῦσα, τῇ δ’ ἑτέρᾱͅ ξίφος, ὦ μῆτερ Εὐρῑπίδου, ἔξελθε ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς μαχουμένη δὴ πά̄σαις ταῖς ἄλλαις γυναιξίν.

Taking a shield in one hand, a sword in the other, mother of Euripides, go out of the house in order to fight in fact all the other women.

12. ὦ παῖδες, ἐὰ̄ν οἱ πολέμιοι φθάσωσι τοὺς Ἀθηναίους εἰς μέσην γε τὴν πόλιν εἰσελθόντες, ἐνταῦθ’ οὐκέτι παραμενοῦμεν. οὐ γάρ τοι ῥᾴ̄διον τὸ βαρβάρων ὑπακούειν.

Children, if the enemy enters the city center before the Athenians, we will no longer stay here. For obeying barbarians is not easy you know.

13. ἀεί που χαίρουσιν οἱ ἄδικοι τοὺς ψῡχήν γ’ ἀγαθοὺς κακὰ ποιοῦντες.

Unjust men always rejoice, I suppose, in doing bad things to men who are good in (respect of) their soul.

14. ἐκείνου τοῦ διδασκάλου μὴ παιδεύοντος τοὺς μαθητὰ̄ς περὶ ἀρετῆς καταλυθήσεται ἡ δημοκρατίᾱ.

If that teacher does not educate the students about virtue, the democracy will be (utterly) destroyed.

15. νῑκηθέντων τῶν πολεμίων, τὴν ἑορτὴν τῷ θεῷ ὅμως οὐκ ἐποιούμεθα φοβούμενοι μὴ ἔτι λάθοιεν τοὺς στρατιώτᾱς καὶ ἄλλοι ἱππεῖς εἰς τὴν χώρᾱν εἰσελθόντες.

Although the enemy was defeated, we were nevertheless not making a festival to the god since we were afraid that even other horsemen might still come into the land without the (our) soldiers noticing.

16. ἐρώτησον τὸν Σωκράτη περὶ τῆς νῦν γε στάσεως. ἕστηκε γὰρ ἐν μέσῃ τῇ ἀγορᾷ.

Ask Socrates about the present civil strife. For he has been (is) standing in the middle of the market place.

17. πάντων τῶν ἄλλων εἰρήνην πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόντων, ὁ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγὸς παυσάτω μαχομένους τοὺς ὁπλί̄τᾱς.

Since all the others are keeping peace with each other, let the general of the Athenians stop the hoplites (from) fighting.

18. εἰ μὴ τοὺς παῖδας παιδεύσαι ὁ ἀδελφός, παίδευσαι αὐτὸν παιδεῦσαι αὐτούς.

If (your) brother should not teach his boys, have him taught to teach them.

19. οἱ ῥήτορες, χρῡσὸν παρὰ τῶν πολεμίων λαβόντες, ἔπειθον τὸν δῆμον ἐκβαλεῖν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως οὐ μόνον τοὺς ἠδικηκότας ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς εὖ τε καὶ σωφρόνως πεπολῑτευμένους καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντων μεμαχημένους.

After having taken gold from the enemy, the orators were persuading the people to throw out of the city not only those who had done wrong, but also those who had governed both well and prudently and who had fought on behalf of everyone.

20. οἳ ἂν χαίρωσιν τοὺς ἄνδρας ἀδικοῦντες, αὐτοὶ δικαίως ὑπὸ τούτων πείσονταί ποτε δεινά.

Those who enjoy wronging men will themselves justly suffer at some time terrible things by them.

21. μηχανωμένων τῶν ἑταίρων ὅπως Σωκράτη ἐκλύ̄σονται, ἕσταμέν που πρὸς τῷ τείχει.

Since the companions are contriving that they will free Socrates, we are standing somewhere near the wall.

22. οἱ πάλαι ῥᾱͅδίως τὴν γῆν ἀπολιπόντες εἰς ἄλλᾱς χώρᾱς μετανί̄σταντο, οὐδὲ Ἕλληνες οἱ πάντες ἐκαλοῦντο.

Having abandoned the land, the ancients used to migrate easily to other lands, and they were all not even called Greek.

23. νῦν δὴ ἐπιδείκνυσο τήν γε ῥητορικήν, ἀγαθὲ νεᾱνίᾱ. τοὺς γὰρ ἄλλους μαθητὰ̄ς ἔφθης ἐρωτήσᾱς τὸν διδάσκαλον περὶ ἀρετῆς.

Display now, in fact, your rhetoric, good youth. For you beat the other students in asking the teacher about virtue.

24. ἐπίδειξιν ποιούμενοι τυγχάνουσιν οἱ ῥήτορες.

The orators happen to be doing a demonstration.

25. ὦ νέοι, μήτ’ ἐκκλέψητ’ οἶνον ἐξ ἐκείνης γε τῆς οἰκίᾱς μήτε τὰ̄ς γυναῖκας βλάψητε.

Young men, neither steal wine from that house nor harm the women.

26. κοινὰ τὰ τῶν φίλων.

The things of friends are (in) common.

27. ἆρ’ οὐκ ἐπαύσασθε μαχόμενοι; νῦν γε παύσασθε, ὦ ἀμαθεῖς.

Did you not cease from fighting? Cease now, you ignoramuses.

28. ὦ αἰσχρὲ ῥήτορ, τόν γε δῆμον οὐ λανθάνεις δῶρα λαμβάνων.

You shameful orator, your taking bribes is not unnoticed by the people at least.

29. ὁ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς χαίρων ἀγαθῶν γε τεύξεται.

The man who rejoices in good things will obtain good things.

1. Although the king wishes somehow to hand the city over to the enemies, the young men will obey the generals and remain in the middle of the plain in order to fight on behalf of the people.

καίπερ ἐθέλει ὁ βασιλεὺς παραδιδόναι πως τὴν πόλιν τοῖς πολεμίοις, οἱ νεανίαι πείσονται τοῖς στρατηγοῖς καὶ μενοῦσιν ἐν μέσῳ τῷ πεδίῳ ὡς μαχούμενοι ὑπὲρ τοῦ δήμου.

2. I happened to hear the speakers asking the messengers about the horsemen being sent into this land.

ἔτυχον ἄκουσας τῶν ῥητόρων ἐρωτώντων τοὺς ἀγγέλους περὶ τῶν ἱππέων πεμφθέντων εἰς ταύτην τὴν χώραν.

3. Because the priests made sacrifices to all the gods, the enemy, conquered in battle, fled in silence during that night without the hoplites’ noticing.

θυσιῶν ἀγαγόντων τῶν ἱερέων πᾶσι τοῖς θεοῖς, οἱ πολεμίοι, νικήθεντες ἐν μάχῃ, ἐκείνης τῆς νυκτὸς ἐν σιγῇ φεύγοντες τοὺς ὁπλίτας ἔλαθον.

4. We enjoy hearing Socrates, at least, teaching the citizens about virtue.

χαίρομεν ἀκούοντες τοῦ γε Σωκράτους διδάσκοντος τοὺς πολίτας περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς.

5. When the soldiers come into the city, flee!

ἐρχομένων τῶν στρατιώτων εἰς τὴν πόλιν, φύγετε.

1. Enclitics;

2. τίς and τί and their enclitic twins τις and τι;

3. The verb “to be” (εἰμί) and the dative of possession;

4. Pronouns: Personal, Reflexive;

5. Adverbial Accusative.

1. ἄφρων που ὃς ἂν μὴ λάβῃ ἀγαθόν τι διδόμενον παρὰ τῶν φίλων.

Surely, foolish is he who, when given something good from his friends, does not take it.

2. αἰσχρόν τι ποιήσᾱς ἄλλους μὲν λάθοις ἄν, σεαυτὸν δὲ οὔ. μὴ οὖν ποίει τοιοῦτο.

You might do a shameful thing unnoticed by others, but not by yourself. So do not do such a thing.

3. τί σὺ ποιήσεις τὴν πόλιν ἑλών; τί ἐμὲ ἐρωτᾷς; ὁ γὰρ στρατηγός γε ἡμᾶς ἂν κελεύσειεν ἢ τὰ̄ς οἰκίᾱς φυλάττειν ἢ χρήματά τε καὶ ζῷα καταλαβεῖν.

What will you do after you have captured the city? Why are you asking me? For the general might order us either to guard the houses or to seize both money and animals.

4. τοιοῦτος ἦν ὁ Σωκράτης ὥστε πάντας τοὺς σοφούς τε καὶ σώφρονας αὐτὸν τῑμᾶν. τοῖς γὰρ νόμοις εἵπετο, τοῖς δὲ θεοῖς θυσίᾱς ἦγε καὶ τοὺς πολί̄τᾱς περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἠρώτᾱ.

Socrates was of such a sort as for all the wise and prudent to honor him. For he used to follow the laws, perform sacrifices to the gods and question (ask) the citizens about virtue?

5. ἀντὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τε καὶ τῑμῆς χρήματά γε ᾑροῦντο οἱ ἄφρονες. τί οὐχ οἷόσ τ’ ἦν ὁ Σωκράτης τούτους πεῖσαι ἀγαθόν τι ἑλέσθαι; σύ γε, φίλε, ἑλοῦ τὰ τοιαῦτα.

Instead of virtue and honor, foolish men used to choose money. Why was Socrates not able to persuade them to choose something good? You, at least, friend, choose things of this sort.

6. ὦ παῖ, ἴσθι τῷ ὄντι τοιοῦτος οἷος ἦν ὁ πατήρ.

(My) boy, be really (truly) of such a sort as your father was.

7. ὁ νεᾱνίᾱς ὁ καλός τε καὶ ἀμαθὴς αὑτὸν ἐν ὕδατί τινι ἰδὼν αὑτόν γε ἐφίλησεν οὐδ’ οἷός τ’ ἦν ἀπελθεῖν. μετὰ δὲ πέντε ἡμέρᾱς ἐτελεύτησε διὰ τὸν αὑτοῦ ἔρωτα. τρόπον δή τινα τελευτῶσι πάντες οἱ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς φιλοῦντες.

The handsome and ignorant young man fell in love with himself when he saw himself in some water and was not able to go away. After five days he died on account of his love himself. All who love themselves die in some manner in fact.

8. οἷον δὴ πάντες τῑμῶσιν, τὸν τὴν πόλιν σώσαντα στρατηγόν, τοιοῦτοι γενώμεθα.

Let us become of such a sort as everyone in fact honors, (such as) the general who has saved the city.

9. τοιαῦτα ἆθλα νί̄κης ἡμῖν εἴη ἀεί, οἷα οἱ πατέρες ἠνέγκοντο.

If only we would always have the sort of victory prizes as our fathers won.

10. ἐπειδήπερ ἑσπόμεθα ἡμεῖς τῷ Σωκράτει εἰς τὴν ἀγορά̄ν, ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ τοὺς δημιουργοὺς καὶ τοὺς ποιητὰ̄ς ἐρωτῶντος περὶ τῶν τεχνῶν.

After we followed Socrates into the market, we heard him asking the craftsmen and the poets about the arts.

11. ὦ θύγατέρ μου, ἐά̄ν σοι αἰσχρός τις γέρων ἐξ ἀγορᾶς σπῆται, μὴ φοβηθῇς. φυλαττουσῶν γὰρ πᾱσῶν τῶν θεῶν τὰ̄ς νέᾱς, οὔ σε βλάψειεν ἄν.

My daughter, if some shameful old man follows you out of the market place, do not be afraid. For since all the gods guard young girls, he could not harm you.

12. τόν γε κλέψαντα τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἔξεστι τῷ βουλομένῳ καλέσαι εἰς δίκην. Δημοσθένη οὖν γράψαι, ὦ ῥήτορ.

It is possible (allowed) for the man who wants to call to justice the man who has stolen the things of the gods. Indict Demosthenes, then, orator.

13. τῇ ἀληθείᾱͅ ἄφρων ὅσπερ ἂν ἑαυτοῦ μὴ ἄρχων βούληται ἄλλων ἄρχειν.

Truly foolish is he who, not ruling himself, wants to rule others.

14. οἵ γε διδάσκαλοι καίπερ αἰσθανόμενοι τὴν τῶν πολῑτῶν ἀμαθίᾱν οὐχ οἷοί τ’ ἔσονται αὐτοὺς ἐκδιδάξαι.

The teachers, at least, although perceiving the ignorance of the citizens, will not be able to teach them.

15. διαπέμψωμεν οὖν τοὺς ἡμετέρους δούλους εἰς τὴν πόλιν σου ἀπαγγελοῦντας τοῖς σοῖς τὰ νέα.

Let us send, therefore, our slaves to your city in order to announce the news to your people.

16. ἔγωγε μὲν οὐκ ἀξιῶ τῑμῆς τοὺς ἆθλα μὴ ἐνεγκομένους· οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι ἀφρόνως ἐθελόντων τούτους τῑμᾶν.

I, at least, do not think those who have not won prizes worthy of honor; on the other hand, let the others foolishly want to honor them.

17. παρὰ δέ γε τὴν ἐμὴν γνώμην οὐχ ᾑρέθην ἄρχων. οἱ γὰρ ἀμαθεῖς ἀεί που τοὺς ἀναξίους αἱροῦνται.

Contrary, at least, to my judgment, I was not chosen a ruler. For the ignorant always, I suppose, choose the unworthy.

18. τί, ὦ Σώκρατες, γέγονεν ὥστε εἶ ἐνταῦθα; οὐ γάρ που καὶ σοί γε δίκη τις οὖσα τυγχάνει;

What has happened, Socrates, that you are here? For surely you do not happen to have some lawsuit?

19. φίλην τινὰ ἰδοῦσα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ἐπαύσατο τῇ μητρὶ ἑπομένη.

When she saw some friend in the road, she stopped following her mother.

20. καὶ ἐγώ τοι μαθητὴς βουλοίμην ἂν γενέσθαι σός. σὺ γὰρ μόνος οἷός τ’ εἶ μοι δεικνύναι τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν εἰς ἀρετὴν φέρουσαν.

I, too, you know, would want to become your student. For you alone are able to show me the path leading to virtue.

21. οἱ ἐκ τῆς χώρᾱς ξίφη τε καὶ ἀσπίδας φέροντες εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὤφθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν φυλάκων τῶν πρὸ τῶν τειχῶν τεταγμένων.

The men who were carrying swords and shields out of the country into the city were seen by the guards who were stationed in front of the walls.

22. ἐγώ τοι τὸν ἀδελφόν σου οὔ με ἰδόντα ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ εἶδον.

I, you know, in the market place saw your brother, who did not see me.

23. τί δὴ φέρων εἰς τὴν ἡμετέρᾱν οἰκίᾱν ἥξεις; ἡμῖν γὰρ ἱκανά ἐστι.

What, in fact, will you come bringing into our house? For we have enough.

24. διαφέρει πως τῇ σοφίᾱͅ ὁ Εὐρῑπίδης τῶν ἄλλων ποιητῶν. τοῦτον γὰρ ἡ μοῦσα αὐτὴ ἐξεδίδασκε δείξοντα ἡμῖν τοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων τρόπους. ἄκουσον οὖν τούτου λόγον τινά.

Euripides somehow surpasses in wisdom the other poets. For the Muse herself used to teach him in order to show us the characters of human beings. Hear, then, some tale (speech) of his.

25. ἔστι νεᾱνίᾱς τις ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ πρὸ τῆς οἰκίᾱς βουλόμενός σέ τι ἐρωτῆσαι. ἐρωτῶ οὖν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ.

There is a certain young man in the road in front of the house who wants to ask you something. So be asked by him.

26. οὐκ ἀεί που συμφέρει τοὺς νεᾱνίᾱς τὴν ῥητορικὴν διδάξασθαι. οὗτοι γάρ ποτε κακά τινα πρά̄ξαντες οἷοί τ’ εἰσὶν ἡμᾶς πεῖσαι μὴ δίκην λαβεῖν.

It is surely not always useful to teach young men rhetoric. For if ever they do something bad, they are able to persuade us not to take a punishment.

27. σοί τοι δηλώσω τὰ ἡμῖν συμφέροντα ἐκείνην τὴν πόλιν ἑλοῦσιν. τῶν γὰρ συμφερόντων δηλωθέντων, ἔπειτα πάντες βουλήσονται μαχέσασθαι.

I will, you know, show you the benefits for us in capturing that city. For when the benefits have been shown, thereupon everyone will want to fight.

28. τοὺς δὲ λίθους διενέγκωμεν διὰ τοῦ πεδίου περιβαλούμενοι τεῖχος τῇ πόλει.

Let us carry the stones through the plain in order to encompass a wall around the city.

29. οἷα δὴ ποιεῖ τις, τοιαῦτα καὶ πείσεται ὑφ’ ἡμῶν.

Whatever kinds of things in fact anyone does, such things also will he suffer from us.

30. ἆρ’ οὐ σώφρονές ἐστε; σώφρονες ἔστε.

Are you not wise? Be wise.

31. τοιούτων ὄντων τῶν πρᾱγμάτων ἡμῖν, ἀγαθοὶ ὄντων οἵ γε ῥήτορες.

Since we have business of such a sort, let the orators be good.

1. You, although wronged by the strangers, nevertheless wish to keep peace. But if those men come into our land, fight on behalf of our freedom.

καίπερ ἀδικηθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν ξένων, ὅμως ἐθέλετε εἰρήνην ἄγειν. ἀλλὰ ἐὰν ἐκεῖνοι ἔλθωσιν εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν χώραν, μάχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῆς (ἡμετέρας) ἐλευθερίας.

2. The man who harms others really harms himself; for when harming others he himself becomes bad so that he is not honored by his companions.

ὃς ἂν τοὺς ἄλλους βλάπτῃ ἑαυτὸν δὴ τῷ ὄντι βλάπτει. βλάπτων γὰρ τοὺς ἄλλους αὐτὸς κακὸς γίγνεται ὥστε μὴ τιμηθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν ἑταίρων.

3. In what way can anyone now teach others virtue? Not even Socrates, who excelled all men in virtue, was able to do this.

τίνα τρόπον οἷός τ΄ ἐστί τις νῦν ἄλλους διδάσκειν τὴν ἀρετήν; οὐδέ γε Σωκράτης, ὃς διαφέρει πάντων (τῶν ἀνθρώπων) τὴν ἀρετήν, οἷός τ΄ ἦν τοῦτο ποιεῖν.

4. These battles are the sort which all the soldiers fear.

τοιαῦταί εἰσιν αἱ μάχαι οἷας πάντες οἱ στρατιῶται φοβοῦνται.

5. Who is so foolish as not to obey the gods? Those who don’t obey the gods are punished with death.

τίς οὕτως ἄφρων ἐστὶ ὥστε μὴ πειθέσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς; οἱ μὴ πειθόμενοι τοῖς θεοῖς δίκην διδόασι θανάτου. (OR: οἳ ἂν μὴ πείθωνται τοῖς θεοῖς…)

6. If ever anyone sends anything to me, I shall sacrifice to the gods.

ἐάν ποτέ τίς τί μοί γε πέμπῃ, θύσω τοῖς θεοῖς.

1. The verbs φημί and γιγνώσκω;

2. Indirect Statement;

3. Future Optative and Infinitive;

4. The adjective πολύς, πολλή, πολύ;

1. νομίζετε τόν γε Σωκράτη πολλὰ καὶ κακὰ παθεῖν.

You believe that Socrates at least suffered many bad things.

2. ἤκουσαν ποιητήν τινα τοὺς νέους διδάξοντα.

They heard that some poet would teach the young men.

3. ἐλέξαμεν ὡς οὔποτε ἀνδράσι δουλεύσοιμεν.

We said that we would never be slaves to men.

4. τοὺς ἄνευ σωφροσύνης φαμὲν τὴν πόλιν προδώσειν.

We assert that those without moderation will betray the city.

5. ἕκαστος εἶπεν ὅτι ἀναβήσεται εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν ναῦν τὴν ἐν τῷ λιμένι.

Each one said that he would board that ship in the harbor.

6. σύ γε νὴ τὸν Δία ἤγγειλάς μοι πολλοὺς πονηρούς τε καὶ ἄφρονας ἐν τῇ στάσει ἐκπεσόντας ἐκ πόλεως.

You, by Zeus, announced to me that many base and foolish men were banished from the city in the civil strife.

7. εἰ γὰρ μήτε Ζεὺς μήτε οἱ ἄλλοι δαίμονες σώσαιεν τοὺς τὸν δῆμον προδόντας.

If only neither Zeus nor the other divinities would save those who have betrayed the people.

8. ἔγωγε ἐνόμιζον τὸν βασιλέᾱ εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν ἀναβαίνειν.

I, at least, believed that the king was going up into his city.

9. μὴ εἴπῃς ὡς οὐκ ἔστι Ζεύς.

Do not say that there is no Zeus (…that Zeus does not exist).

10. φῶμεν μόνους τοὺς σοφοὺς εὐδαίμονας εἶναι;

Are we to say that the wise alone are happy?

11. (a) ᾔσθοντο τοὺς ὁπλί̄τᾱς ἀδικοῦντας.

They perceived that the hoplites were doing wrong.

(b) ᾔσθοντο οἱ ὁπλῖται ἀδικοῦντες.

The hoplites perceived that they (themselves) were doing wrong.

12. ἡμῖν ἔφησθά που Σωκράτει μὲν οὔτε χρῡσὸν οὔτ’ ἄργυρον εἶναι, τοῖς μαθηταῖς δὲ τοῖς εὐγενέσι καὶ χρῡσὸν καὶ ἀργύριον πολύ.

You, surely, told us that while Socrates had neither gold nor silver, (his) well-born students had much gold and money.

13. ποῖα πέπρᾱχεν οὗτος; οἷα γὰρ ἂν πρά̄ξῃ τις, τοιοῦτος ἔσται τήν γε ψῡχήν.

What sorts of things has he done? For whatever sort of thing anyone does, he will be of that sort with respect to his soul.

14. ἀκούομέν σε πόλιν τε τὴν ἡμετέρᾱν αὐτῶν προδιδόντα καὶ δῶρα πολλὰ παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίων αὐτίκα ληψόμενον. οὐ γὰρ ἡμᾶς λανθάνεις κακὰ ποιῶν.

We hear that you are betraying our city and are presently about to take many gifts (bribes) from the Spartans. For your evil doings do not escape us.

15. κατέβημεν εἰς θάλατταν ὡς τὰ̄ς τῶν βαρβάρων ναῦς ἴδωμεν.

We went down to the sea so that we might see the ships of the barbarians.

16. εἶπεν ὁ τὸν οἶνον κεκλοφὼς ὅτι δίκην οὔποτε δώσοι.

The man who has stolen the wine said that he would never pay the penalty.

17. ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηαῖοι, ἐὰ̄ν Σωκράτη θανάτου ἀξιώσητε, οἵ γε σώφρονες οὔποθ’ ὑ̄μᾶς νομιοῦσι τὸ δίκαιον ποιῆσαι.

Men of Athens, if you deem Socrates worthy of death, the wise will never believe that you did the just thing.

18. τίν’ ἂν τρόπον γνοῖμεν σαφῶς τὴν τῆς σωφροσύνης φύσιν; ταύτην γὰρ γνόντες καὶ ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς εὖ γνωσόμεθα.

In what way could we recognize clearly the nature of moderation? For if we know this we will also know ourselves well.

19. ἆρα τοῦ Σωκράτους ἤκουσας λέγοντος ὡς χαλεπὸν εἴη ἀνθρώπῳ τὸ αὑτὸν γνῶναι;

Did you hear Socrates saying that it is hard for a human being to know himself?

20. ἔλεγέν τις πονηρὸς ὅτι αὐτός γε, καίπερ ἐν τῇ τότε στάσει ἐκπεσὼν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, οὐκ ἐκπεσοῖτο ὑπὸ τῶν νῦν ἀρχόντων· δῶρα γάρ τινα λαμβάνοιεν ἄν.

A certain base man was saying that although he had been banished from the city in the civil strife at that time, he at least would not be banished by the rulers today; for they would take certain bribes.

21. ἐκ τοῦ θεά̄τρου ἐκβάλετε τὸν ποιητὴν τὸν ἡμᾶς φήσαντα κακοὺς στρατηγοὺς αἱρεῖσθαι. ἢ οὐ φοβεῖσθε μὴ ὁ τοιαῦτα λέγων ἡμᾶς πάντας βλάψῃ;

Throw out of the theater the poet who said that we chose bad generals. Or are you not afraid that he who says such things may harm us all?

22. ὦ ἄνδρες, ἔτι ἐν κινδύ̄νῳ οὔσης τῆς πόλεως μήτε μαχόμενοι παυσώμεθα μήτε τοιούτῳ ῥήτορι πεισθέντες προδῶμεν ἡμᾶς αὐτούς.

Men, since the city is still in danger, let us neither cease from fighting nor, obeying such an orator, betray ourselves.

23. οἷοι εἴησαν οἵ γε πολῖται, τοιαύτη ἂν εἴη καὶ ἡ πόλις.

Of whatever kind the citizens might be, the city too would be of such a kind.

24. αὐτούς φησι τὰ̄ς σφετέρᾱς αὐτῶν ναῦς εἰς τὴν νῆσον πέμψειν.

He says that they will send their own ships to the island.

25. (a) ἔφατέ με κακῶς πρά̄ξειν. You said that I would do badly.

(b) ἔφατε κακῶς πρά̄ξειν. You said that you would do badly.

(d) φήσετε τά̄σδε καλῶς πρᾶξαι. You will say that these women did noble things.

26. εἴ πού σοί τινές ποθ’ ἕποιντο, οἷός τ’ ἂν εἴης τὴν πολῑτείᾱν καταλύ̄σᾱς ἄρξαι τοῦ δήμου.

Surely, if anyone should ever follow you, you would be able to rule the people after having destroyed the regime.

27. εἱλόμην λόγον εἰπεῖν ἐν τῷ νῦν ῥητορικῆς ἀγῶνι νομίσᾱς ἱκανὸν ἆθλον ἔσεσθαί μοι οὐτε χρῡσὸν οὔτ’ ἄργυρον ἀλλὰ μόνον τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ τοῦ λόγου γενησομένην.

I chose to give (lit.: say) a speech in the present contest of rhetoric since I believed that neither gold nor silver but only the glory that is about to come to be from the speech itself would be a sufficient prize for me.

28. — Μανθάνεις, ὦ παῖ, τὰ λεγόμενα;

Do you understand, boy, the things said?

— Πάνυ γε· λέγεις γάρ που ὅτι πᾶσι μὲν ἔξεστι καλῶς πρά̄ττειν, πολλοὶ δὲ διὰ τὴν αὑτῶν ἀμαθίᾱν πρά̄ττουσι κακῶς.

Certainly. For you are saying, I suppose, that while it is possible for everyone to act nobly, many do bad things on account of their ignorance.

— Εὖ γε· τίνα δὴ τρόπον γένοιντ’ ἂν οὗτοι εὐδαίμονες;

Well done. In what way, in fact, could the latter become happy?

— Κατά γε τὴν σὴν γνώμην οἱ πονηροὶ γνόντες τὴν τῆς σωφροσύνης φύσιν παύσονταί πως ἀδικοῦντες.

According to your judgment, if (when) the base men know the nature of moderation they will somehow stop doing wrong.

29. (a) τοῦτον ἤγγειλεν ἐκ πόλεως ἐκφεύγοντα.

He announced that this man was fleeing from the city.

(b) τοῦτον ἤγγειλεν ἐκ πόλεως ἐκφυγόντα.

He announced that this man had fled from the city.

He announced that this man has fled from the city.

(d) τοῦτον ἤγγειλεν ἐκ πόλεως ἐκφευξόμενον.

He announced that this man would flee from the city.

30. γνῶθι σαυτόν. Know thyself.

31. ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί, τίς χαίροι ἂν ἀκούων τὸν Σωκράτη θανάτου τ’ ἀξιωθέντα ὑπὸ πονηρῶν τινων καὶ πέντε ἡμερῶν τὸν βίον τελευτήσοντα;

O Zeus and gods, who could be glad to hear that Socrates was deemed worthy of death by some base men and (that) within five days his life would end?

32. ὑ̄μεῖς αὐτοί, ὦ ῥήτορες, ἐδείκνυθ’ ὅτι δημοκρατίᾱ μὲν ἀγαθὴ εἴη πολῑτείᾱ, βασιλέων δὲ τῶν παλαιῶν πολλοὶ οὔτε κακῶς οὔτε πονηρῶς τοῦ δήμου ἄρξαιεν.

You yourselves, orators, used to show that while democracy is a good regime, many of the ancient kings ruled the people neither badly nor basely.

1. By the gods, you at least used to say, Athenian men, that all the Greeks would conquer the foreigners and set up a trophy.

νὴ τοὺς θεοὺς ὑμεῖς γ’ ἐλέγετε, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, ὅτι πάντες οἱ Ἕλληνες τοὺς ξένους νικήσοιεν καὶ τρόπαιον ἀναθησεῖεν.

2. (a) You said that we ourselves would conquer.

ἐλέγετε ὅτι (ἡμεῖς) αὐτοὶ νικήσοιμεν.

(b) You thought that we ourselves would conquer.

ἐνομίζετε ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς νικήσειν.

ἠκούσατε ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς νικήσοντας.

3. (a) He says that I sent the ship.

λέγει ὅτι ἔπεμψα τὴν ναῦν.

(b) He says that I sent the ship.

ἐμέ φησι πέμψαι τὴν ναῦν.

ἀγγέλει ἐμὲ πέμψαντα τὴν ναῦν.

4. We shall send whatever sort of animals you want to sacrifice.

οἷα ζῷα θῦσαι βούλῃ, τοιαῦτα πέμψομεν.

1. Adjectives of the type ἡδύς, ἡδεῖα, ἡδύ;

2. The adjective μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα;

3. Comparison of Adjectives;

4. Unattainable Wish

5. Negatives

6. Numerals

7. The verb εἶμι “to go”

1. ὦ πάτερ, παύου κλέπτων τὸν οἶνον καίπερ ἡδί̄ω τῶν ἄλλων ὄντα. κλέπτων γὰρ τὰ ἄλλων ἁμαρτάνεις.

Father, stop stealing the wine even though it is sweeter than the others. For you do wrong when you steal the things of others.

2. ὦ ἀδελφοί, παύεσθε τρόπαια πρὸ τῆς μεγάλης οἰκίᾱς ἱστάμενοι.

Brothers, stop setting up trophies in front of the big house.

3. κωλύ̄σωμεν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τούς γε πολεμίους τοὺς ἐχθίστους ἐλάσαι πρὸς τὰ μεγάλα τείχη.

Men of Athens, let us prevent the most hateful enemy from marching against the great walls.

4. ὦ γέρον, μηχανώμεθα ὅπως οὐχ ἁμαρτάνοντες ὅτι δικαιότατοι γενησόμεθα.

Old man, we are contriving (alt.: let us contrive) that, not doing wrong, we will become as just as possible.

5. ὦ φίλτατοι, μήποτε νομίσητε τοὺς ἀδικωτέρους βλάπτειν δύνασθαι τούς γε δικαιοτέρους.

Dearest ones, never believe that the more unjust men can harm more just men.

6. ὦ νεᾱνίᾱ, μηχανῶ ὅπως πολλῷ εὐδαιμονέστερος ἐμοῦ γε γενήσει ποτέ.

Young man, contrive that you will some time become happier than me at least by far.

7. τῶν νεᾱνιῶν πολλὰ ἐρωτώντων, οἱ γέροντες οὐκ ἐδυνήθησαν ἀπελθεῖν.

Since the young men were asking many things, the old men were not able to go away.

8. μὴ ἐρωτώντων πολλὰ οἱ νεᾱνίαι τοὺς σοφωτάτους τῶν γερόντων.

Let the young men not ask many things from the wisest of the old men.

9. λῦσόν με, ἑταῖρε. οὐ γάρ σε οὐδὲν ἔβλαψα.

Untie me, comrade. For I did not harm you.

10. ὦ στρατιῶτα, τί ἐπίστασαι περὶ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων νί̄κης; φημὶ γὰρ εὐτυχεστέρους εἶναι τοὺς Ἕλληνας τῶν βαρβάρων.

Soldier, what do you know about the victory of the Greeks? For I say that the Greeks are luckier than the barbarians.

11. πολλὰ δὴ χρήματα ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς λαβών, ὦ ἱερεῦ, λῦσαι τὰ̄ς δύο θυγατέρας.

[Two possibilities, depending on how λαβών is construed]:

(a) Priest, take much money from the house (and) free the two daughters.

(b) Priest, since you took much money from the house free the two daughters.

12. ὁ τῷ ὄντι σοφὸς μᾶλλον βούλεται ἀγαθὸς εἶναι ἢ δοκεῖν. ὁ γὰρ τοιαῦτα βουλόμενος μακρῷ σοφώτερός ἐστι τῶν ἄλλων.

The really wise man wants rather to be good than to seem (good). For the man who wants such things is wiser by far than others.

13. μηδεὶς τῷ σώματι δουλεύων δοκείτω ἄλλων δύνασθαί πως ἄρχειν.

Let no one who is a slave to the body think that he is somehow able to rule others.

14. οἷος ἂν ᾖ ὁ διδάσκαλος, τοιοῦτοι ἔσονται καὶ οἱ μαθηταί.

Of whatever sort the teacher is, of such a sort will the students also be.

(The students will be of whatever sort the teacher is.)

15. ὅσα ἂν διδῶμεν, τοσαῦτα λαβεῖν βουλόμεθα αὐτοί.

As many things as we give, we ourselves want to take so many.

(We ourselves want to take as many things as we give.)

16. ἡ μήτηρ τὴν θυγατέρα ταῖς χερσὶν εἶχεν.

The mother was holding her daughter by the hand.

17. οἱ στρατιῶται ταχθέντων που παρὰ τῇ γεφύ̄ρᾱͅ.

Let the soldiers be stationed somewhere by the bridge.

18. ἐνεγκάντων οἱ δοῦλοι τοὺς λίθους τοὺς μεγάλους τε καὶ βαρεῖς.

Let the slaves carry the big and heavy rocks.

19. εὖ μαχεσάμενος ὀρθῶς ἀξιώθητι τοῦ ἄ̄θλου. ἡδὺ μὲν γὰρ τὸ μάχεσθαι, ὡς ἥδιστον δὲ τὸ νῑκῆσαι.

Having fought well, rightly be thought worthy of the prize. For while fighting is pleasant, winning is the most pleasant of all.

20. τοὺς προσιόντας λίθοις πολὺ βαρυτέροις βαλόντων.

Let them pelt those who (are about to) approach with much heavier stones.

21. εἰ γὰρ νῦν εἰς τὴν χώρᾱν μὴ ᾔεισθα, ὦ αἴσχιστε.

Most shameful one, if only you were not now going into the country.

22. τῇ τετάρτῃ ἡμέρᾱͅ τὴν πόλιν ἑλόντες διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ἐλᾶτε.

On the fourth day, having captured the city you will march across the plain.

(if you capture)

23. πότερον τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρες ὑπὸ τῶν φυλάκων ὤφθησαν;

Were three or four (men) seen by the guards?

24. ποτέρᾱͅ τὸν οἶνον τὸν ἡδὺν ἀπέδου; πότερον τῇ μητρὶ ἢ τῇ θυγατρί;

To which one did you sell the sweet wine? To the mother or the daughter?

25. πόσα βιβλία δύνασαι ἔχειν; οὐ τοσαῦτα οἷός τ’ εἰμὶ ὅσα ὁ ἀδελφός.

How many books can you hold? I cannot hold as many as my brother.

26. ὅσοι ἀφρονέστατοι τὸν Εὐρῑπίδην ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾱͅ ἐτί̄μων.

How many fools were honoring Euripides (on) that day!

27. μεγάλη ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν δυοῖν ἀδελφῶν δύναμις.

Great is the power of the two brothers.

28. διὰ τὸ ταχείᾱς εἶναι τὰ̄ς ἵππους αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐδυνήθημεν ἑλεῖν τοὺς.

Because of their horses being fast, we were not able to catch them.

29. οὐκ οὐδενὸς ἀξίᾱ οὐδενὶ τῶν πολῑτῶν ἡ τῶν ἀφρονεστέρων δόξα.

The opinion of the most foolish is worth nothing to any of the citizens.

30. τοιούτοις δὴ δῶρα δῶμεν, οἵους ἄ̄θλων ἀξιοῦμεν.

Let us give gifts, in fact, to such men as we deem worthy of prizes.

31. τοῦ ὕδατος ὑπερβαίνοντός πως εἰς τὴν χώρᾱν, καταλυθήσονται αἱ οἰκίαι.

If the water overflows somehow onto the land, the houses will be destroyed.

32. τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾱͅ ὁ ἄγγελος ὁ ταχὺς τοῖς πολί̄ταις τοὺς πολεμίους φήσει διὰ τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἁμαρτίᾱν νενῑκημένους ἐκφυγεῖν.

The swift messenger will on the third day say to the citizens that the enemy, having been defeated through their own error, ran away.

33. ἔστι πολλὰ χρήματα τῷ μῑκρῷ.

The small man has many possessions (much property).

1. If only our very well-born soldiers were now able to fight so nobly against the enemy as for our city to be saved. For ours is worthier to be saved than theirs.

εἰ γὰρ οἱ ἡμέτεροι εὐγενέστατοι στρατιῶται νῦν γε οἷοί τ΄ ἦσαν οὕτω καλῶς μαχέσθαι ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ὥστε τὴν (ἡμέτεραν) πόλιν σωζέσθαι. ἀξιώτερα γὰρ σωζέσθαι ἡ ἡμέτερα τῆς αὐτῶν.

2. Will you order the swift horsemen to go away or to wait in the plain?

πότερον ἀπέλθειν ἢ μένειν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ κελεύσετε τοὺς ταχεῖς ἱππέας;

3. Let no bad man be honored in any way by any of the citizens.

μηδεὶς κακὸς τιμάσθω μηδενὶ τρόπῳ ὑπὸ μηδενὸς τῶν πολιτῶν.

4. Young man, have your younger brother taught rhetoric by that rather clever teacher.

ὦ νεανία, παιδεύου τὸν σὸν νεώτερον ἀδελφὸν τὴν ῥητορικὴν ἐκείνῳ τῷ σοφωτέρῳ διδασκάλῳ.

5. Stop believing that you will always be able to win.

παύου νομίζων (νομίζουσα) ἀεὶ οἷόν τ’ ἐσέσθαι νικᾶν.

6. I shall educate as many men as I see in the market place.

ὅσους ἂν ὁρῶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ, τοσούτους παιδεύσω.

1. The last of the athematic (-μι) verbs, ἵημι;

2. Indefinite Relative/Interrogative Pronoun/Adjectives;

3. Indirect questions

1. τίνας ἀπέκτεινας, ὦ ἀφρονεστάτη θύγατερ;

Whom did you kill, most foolish daughter?

2. ἠρώτᾱ τὴν μῑκροτέρᾱν θυγατέρα οὕστινας ἀποκτείναι.

I asked (my) smaller daughter whom she killed.

3. ἐρώτᾱ τὴν θυγατέρα οὕστινας ἀποκτενεῖ.

Ask (your) daughter whom she will kill.

4. ποῖοι ἀδικώτεροι τῇ δημοκρατίᾱͅ ἐπιβουλεύσουσιν;

What kind of (very) unjust men will plot against the democracy?

5. οὐκ ἐδύναντο οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ μαθεῖν ὁποῖοι τῇ δημοκρατίᾱͅ ἐπιβουλεύσοιεν.

They were not able to learn in any way what kind of men would plot against the democracy.

6. ἤγγειλαν τὸν Σωκράτη μέλλοντα τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἀποθανεῖσθαι.

They announced that Socrates was about to die within three days.

7. (a) τὸν Σωκράτη φατὲ ἀποθανεῖν. You say that Socrates is dying.

(b) τὸν Σωκράτη φάτε ἀποθανεῖν. Say that Socrates is dying.

8. (a) ἀκούσεσθε τὸν Σωκράτη τεθνηκότα. You will hear that Socrates has died.

(b) ἀκούσεσθε τοῦ Σωκράτους ἀποθνῄσκοντος. You will hear Socrates dying.

9. (a) ἐρωτῶμεν ὁπόσους ἀφί̄ετε.

We are asking how many people you are sending away. (Present Indicative)

(b) ἠρωτῶμεν ὁπόσους ἀφῑεῖτε.

We were asking how many people you were sending away. (Present Optative)

We are asking how many people you sent away. (Aorist Indicative)

(d) ἠρωτῶμεν ὁπόσους ἀφεῖτε.

We were asking how many people you sent away. (Aorist Optative/Ind.)

10. ἄφες τόν γε Δημοσθένη, ὦ πονηρέ.

Send away Demosthenes, at least, villain.

11. ἀφῑέντων τὸν τότε τῷ δήμῳ ἐπιβουλεύσαντα καίπερ ἐχθί̄ω ὄντα.

Let them send away the man who plotted against the people at that time, even though he is more hated.

12. σχὲς τῇ χειρὶ τὸ ὀξύτερον ξίφος.

Hold the sharper sword in (your) hand.

13. ὁποῖοί γ’ ἂν ὦμεν οἱ πολῖται, τοιαύτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἡμετέρᾱ πόλις.

Whatever sort of citizens we are, of such a sort is our city.

14. (a) ἐνταῦθα στήτω ἵνα μάχηται. Let him stand here so that he may fight.

(b) ἐνταῦθ’ ἀνάστησον τὸ τρόπαιον. Stand up the trophy here.

15. δίδοτε τάδε τὰ βαρέα ὅπλα τρισὶ τῶν ὁπλῑτῶν.

Give these heavy weapons to three of the hoplites.

16. (a) παῦσον τοῦτον τῷ δήμῳ ἐπιβουλεύοντα.

Stop this man from plotting against the people.

(b) παῦσον τοῦτον τὸν τῷ δήμῳ ἐπιβουλεύοντα.

Stop this man who is plotting against the people.

Stop plotting against the people.

17. χαίρομέν πως οἶνον ὡς ἥδιστον ἐπιτιθεῖσαι ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν θεῶν τραπέζαις.

We somehow enjoy putting the sweetest wine (as possible) on the tables of the gods.

18. οὐ δύνασαι συνῑέναι, ὦ ἄνερ, οὔτε τὰ ἀληθῶς καὶ σαφῶς λεγόμενα οὔτε τὰ ψευδῆ.

Man, you cannot understand either words spoken truly and clearly or lies.

19. ἔλθετε εἰς τὴν βουλὴν περὶ πολέμου βουλευσόμενοι.

Go to the council in order to deliberate about war.

20. ἴωμεν δὴ καὶ μὴ μέλλωμεν ἔτι, ἵνα μὴ ἀφῶμεν τὸν καιρόν.

Let us in fact go and not delay still so that we may not let go of the opportune moment (miss our chance).

21. ἤκουόν τοι μίαν τράπεζαν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἑορτῇ ἱερὰ̄ν οὖσαν Διός.

I used to hear you know that one table in that festival was holy to Zeus.

22. ἠρωτᾶτε ὅντινα τρόπον ἀφεθεῖμεν.

You were asking (in) what way we were neglected.

23. ὅπως ἂν σὺ βούλῃ, οὕτως ἔγωγε πρά̄ττω.

I, at least, act in whatever way you want.

24. τὴν γνώμην ὀξύτεροι τῶν ἄλλων ἐδόκουν εἶναι οἵτινες ἐν καιρῷ συμβουλεύοιεν τῷ δήμῳ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων.

In judgment they seemed to be sharper than the others, whoever advised the people at the right time about the future.

25. ἴθι ὅποι ἂν βούλῃ.

Go wherever you want.

26. τῶν τῆς πόλεως εὖ ἐχόντων, παυσάσθων λέγοντες οἱ ῥήτορες.

Since the (affairs) of the city are (going) well, let the orators stop speaking.

27. ὅπου ἂν ὦμεν, ἐκεῖ μενοῦμεν.

Wherever we are, there we shall stay.

28. (a) εἰ γὰρ εὐδαίμονες εἶμεν. If only we may be happy.

(b) εἰ γὰρ εὐδαίμονες ἦμεν. If only we were happy (now).

(d) εἴθ’ ἐνῑκῶμεν. If only we were winning (now).

(e) εἴθ’ ἐνῑκήσαμεν. If only we had won.

29. ἆρα ζητῶμέν πως πότερον ἀγαθὸν ἡ δημοκρατίᾱ ἢ οὔ;

Are we to seek somehow whether democracy is a good thing or not?

30. ἠρωτήσαμεν εἰ τὴν δημοκρατίᾱν καταλῦσαι οὐ βούλοιο.

We asked whether you did not want to destroy the democracy.

31. ἠρώτων εἴτε ψευδῆ λέγεις εἴτε τὰ ἀληθῆ.

I was asking whether you were telling lies or the truth (lit.: true things).

32. ψεῦδος μὴ εἴπῃ μηδείς, ἀλλὰ πάντα ὀρθῶς λεγέτω ἕκαστος.

Let no one tell a lie, but let each say everything correctly.

1. You asked Demosthenes whether, since the enemy were about to flee, he wished to send three swift ships to the island.

ἠρωτήσατε τὸν Δημοσθένη εἰ, τῶν πολεμίων μελλόντων φεύγειν, ἐθέλοι πέμψαι τρεῖς ναῦς ταχείας εἰς τὴν νῆσον.

2. Are we to kill all those who plotted against the people?

ἀποκτείνωμεν πάντας γε τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύσαντας τῷ δήμῳ;

3. Let him not say to those who consult with him that he does not trust the two generals.

μὴ λεγέτω τοῖς συμβουλευμένοις αὐτῷ ὅτι οὐ πιστεύει τοῖς δυοῖν στρατηγοῖς. (OR: …τοῖν στρατηγοῖν)

4. His students heard Socrates saying on the day he died, that his soul, since it was just, would never suffer any evil.

οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἤκουσαν τὸν Σωκράτη λέγοντα, ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ἐτελεύτησεν, ὅτι ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ, δικαία οὖσα, οὔποτε πείσοιτο (πείσεται) ούδὲν κακόν.

5. Whenever you ransom the priests, you will receive all the honors of which you think yourself worthy.

ὅταν τοὺς ἱερέας λύῃ, δέξῃ πάσας τὰς τίμας ὧν σεαυτὸν ἀξιοῖς.

1. Comparison of Adverbs;

2. Irregular comparison of Adjectives;

3. Temporal Clauses with μέχρι, ἕως, πρίν;

4. Attraction

5. The verb οἶδα “to know.”

1. σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῇ μακρῷ βελτί̄ων οὖσα τῆς μητρός.

I know that I am better than my mother by a long (way).

2. οὔ φημι ἐκείνην χείρω εἶναι ἢ τὴν μητέρα.

I deny that that woman is worse than her mother.

3. εὖ δὴ οἶδα τὰ̄ς καλλί̄ους εὐδαιμονεστέρᾱς οὔσᾱς τῶν μὴ ἐχουσῶν ἐλευθερίᾱν.

I know well in fact that the more beautiful women are happier than those who do not have freedom.

4. εἰ ἴσως κάκιστός τίς σε ἔροιτο εἰ τὴν πόλιν προδώσεις, τί αὐτῷ ἐρεῖς; συνί̄ης γὰρ τὰ τῆς πόλεως.

If perhaps some very bad man should ask you whether you will betray the city, what will you say to him? For you understand the (affairs) of the city.

5. τῆς νόσου τῇ πόλει ἐπιπεσούσης, θῡσώμεθα ὡς τάχιστα.

Since the plague has befallen the city, let us sacrifice as quickly as possible.

6. οὐ δὴ διὰ τὸ μὴ διδαχθῆναι ὑπὸ καλλῑόνων διδασκάλων ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι μηδὲν μαθεῖν ὅτι ἀφρονέστατα πρά̄ττουσιν οἵδε οἱ τρεῖς νεᾱνίαι.

(It is) not, in fact, on account of not having been taught by very noble teachers but on account of not being able to learn anything that these three young men act most foolishly.

7. ὡς σωφρονέστατα πρά̄ξομεν ἕως ἄν αἰσχῡνώμεθα τούς γε κρείττους.

We will act most prudently as long as we are ashamed before the better (men).

8. ἥκεν εἰς τὴν νῆσον ὕστερον ἢ ὁ ἀδελφὸς τέτταρσιν ἡμέραις. θά̄ττων γὰρ οὗτος ἐκείνου πολύ.

He had come to the island four days later than his brother. For the latter (the brother) is much faster than him (the former).

9. πρότερον τρισὶν ἡμέραις ἀπώλετο, οὐ συνεὶς ὅτι πάθοι.

He died three days earlier, not understanding what he suffered.

10. τοὺς ἀπολωλότας ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡμετέρᾱς ἐλευθερίᾱς, ὄντας οὐκ ἐλαχίστους, τῑμᾷ ἡ πόλις. τίς γὰρ κακί̄ων ὢν οὕτως ἀφείη ἂν τόν γε βίον;

The city honors those who have died on behalf of our freedom, since they are not the least. For who, being rather bad, could throw away his life in this way?

11. μᾶλλον τί̄μᾱ τοὺς ἐμπειροτέρους σαυτοῦ, ἐὰ̄ν καὶ ὀλίγοι ὦσιν.

Honor rather those more experienced than yourself, even if they be few.

12. ὅσῳ πλέονες εἴημεν αἱ σοφαί, τοσούτῳ ῥᾷον τοιούτου γε δήμου ἄρξαιμεν ἄν.

The more (of us) wise women (there should be), the more easily we would rule such a people.

13. ἀεὶ πειθώμεθα οἷς ἥ τ’ ἐκκλησίᾱ καὶ ἡ βουλὴ κατέστησαν.

Let us always obey those whom both the assembly and the council appointed.

14. ᾔδησθά τοι ὁπότε θύ̄σοιεν τήν γ’ αἶγα.

You surely knew when they would sacrifice the goat.

15. τοῦ φίλου συμβουλεύοντος, ἥκει εἰς τόδε τὸ ἱερὸν ὡς τὸν θεὸν ἐρησομένη περὶ τῆς νόσου.

Her friend advising her, she has come into this temple in order to ask the god about the disease.

16. εἴσεισίν πως εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὕστατος πάντων ὧν ἔπεμψας.

He will somehow enter the city last of all those whom you sent.

17. ἆρα ἐνομίζετε τὰ ὑ̄μέτερα ξίφη πολλῷ ὀξύτερα εἶναι τῶν ἡμετέρων;

Did you use to think that your swords were sharper than ours by far?

18. οὐκ ἔστιν ὑ̄μῖν σοφωτέροις γενέσθαι θᾶττον ἡμῶν.

It is not possible for you to become wiser faster than us.

19. ἔφησθα οὐκ ἐξεῖναι ἡμῖν σοφωτέραις γενέσθαι.

You said that it was not possible for us to become wiser.

20. ἅτε νεωτέρῳ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ὄντι οὐκ ἐξῆν τῷ Δημοσθένει τῆς οἰκίᾱς ἡγεῖσθαι.

Since he was younger than his brother it was not possible for Demosthenes to rule the family (house).

21. μὴ πιστεύσητε τοῖς ἀμαθεστέροις ὑ̄μῶν αὐτῶν. ἥττους γὰρ οὗτοι.

Do not trust those more ignorant than yourselves. For they are worse.

22. ᾖσμεν σαφῶς τοὺς ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ αἰσχί̄ους ὄντας πᾶσι τοῖς πολί̄ταις ὅσοις ἐπαιδευόμεθα.

We knew clearly that the men in the market place were rather shameful to all the citizens whom we were having educated.

23. ᾖμεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίᾱν ἐν ᾗπερ οἱ αἰσχί̄ονες ἦσαν.

We were going into the house in which the rather shameful men were.

24. τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀποπεφευγότων, τρόπαιόν που στήσαιμεν.

Since the soldiers have run away, I wish we would set up a trophy somewhere.

25. οὐκ ἂν ἀφείην ὁπόσους ἂν ἕλωμεν πρὶν ἂν χρήματα δῶσιν.

I could not let go however many men we capture until they pay money.

26. ἐνί̄κων που οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι πρὶν τὴν νόσον ἐπιπεσεῖν.

The Athenians, I suppose, were winning before the plague fell upon (them).

27. ἆθλα ἀεὶ οἴσει μέχρι ἂν νεώτερός τις ἔλθῃ εἰς τοὺς ἀγῶνας.

He will always carry (the) prizes until someone younger enters the contests.

28. κέρδους ἕνεκα τὸν ἥττω λόγον μὴ κρείττω ποίει, ὦ χείριστε· μεγίστων γὰρ κακῶν αἴτιος ἔσῃ.

Do not, for the sake of profit, make the weaker argument stronger, O worst of men. For you will be the cause of the greatest evils.

29. λύ̄πης δὴ τί μεῖζον ἀνθρώπῳ κακόν;

What greater evil is there for man, in fact, than pain?

30. οἶσθα τοὺς προτέρους διδασκάλους μᾶλλον σοφοὺς ὄντας ἢ τοὺς νῦν.

You know that the earlier teachers were more wise than those of today.

31. σύνισμεν ἡμῖν γ’ αὐτοῖς ἴσοι ὄντες τοῖς πατράσιν.

We are aware that we ourselves are equal to our fathers.

32. ἔφησάν τινες τὸν Σωκράτη καινοῖς θεοῖς πιστεύειν.

Some (people) used to say that Socrates believed in new gods.

33. τοὺς ἱππέᾱς εὕρωμεν ὅσους ἀφεῖμεν.

Let us find all those horsemen whom we sent away.

34. ἡγεῖ τὸν σὸν ἀδελφὸν ἀμείνω εἶναι ἢ Σωκράτη;

Do you believe that your brother is better than Socrates?

1. Since the younger soldiers fought as shamefully as possible, the noblest of the old men will somehow guard the bridge until the enemy go away.

τῶν νεωτέρων στρατιωτῶν μαχεσαμένων ὡς αἴσχιστα, ὁ κάλλιστος τῶν γερόντων φυλλάξει πως τὴν γέφυραν μέχρι ἂν οἱ πολέμιοι ἀπέλθων.

2. Do you know that Socrates is not worse than Aristophanes?

ἄρ’ οἶσθα τὸν Σωκράτη οὐ κακίονα (χείρωνα) τοῦ Ἀριστοφάνους;

3. Did you know that the Greeks believed that Zeus was the greatest of the gods?

ἄρ’ ᾔδησθα τοὺς Ἕλληνας νομιζόντας Δία μέγιστον εἶναι τῶν θεῶν;

4. If the general of the Athenians had led his army to the plain before the enemy came, our grief would have been less.

εἰ ὁ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγὸς ἤγαγε τὸν στρατὸν εἰς τὸ πεδίον πρίν τοὺς πολεμίους ἔλθειν, ἡ ἡμετέρα λύπη ἐλάττων ἂν ἐγένετο.

5. I shall stay until you stop teaching.

μενῶ μέχρι (ἕως) ἂν παύσῃς διδάσκων.

1. Verbal adjectives in –τέος, –τέα, –τέον;

2. Impersonal verbs χρή and δεῖ;

3. Accusative Absolute;

4. The verbs κεῖμαι and (impersonal) δοκεῖ;

5. Some second and third declension nouns (νοῦς, ἄστυ).

1. (a) ἡ δημοκρατία οὐ καταλυτέα ἐστὶν οὐδενί.

The democracy must not be destroyed by anyone.

(b) τὴν δημοκρατίαν οὐ καταλυτέον ἐστίν οὐδενί.

No one must destroy the democracy.

2. (a) ἔμοιγε ταῦτα πρακτέον ἐστίν. I must do these things.

(b) ἔμοιγε ταῦτα πρακτέα ἐστίν. These things must be done by me.

3. ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑμῖν ἀρκτέον ἐστίν.

Men of Athens, you must rule all the Greeks.

4. οὐδείς τοι πονηρὸς οὐδενὶ τιμητέος.

No base man, you know, must be honored by anyone.

5. τῶν μαθητῶν ἐπυθόμεθα Σωκράτη, διδάσκαλον τὸν μακρῷ πάντων ἄριστον, τεθνηκότα.

We learned from the students that Socrates, the best teacher of all by far, had died.

6. οὐ χρὴ τούς γε βελτίονας τῶν χειρόνων ὑπακοῦσαι οὐδέν.

Those who are better ought not to obey those who are worse at all.

7. (a) ἐφαίνετο ἀρίστη εἶναι. She appeared to be the best.

(b)ἐφαίνετο ἀρίστη οὖσα. It was apparent that she was best.

8. ὦ ἄνδρες, ἀφέντες τοὺς οὐ μεμαχημένους ἀποκτείνατε τοὺς ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς ἐπιβεβουλευκότας.

Men, send away those who have not fought (and) kill those who have plotted against ourselves.

9. ἔδοξε πᾶσι τοὺς χειρίστους ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐξελάσαι.

It seemed best to everyone to drive out the worst men from the land.

10. ὦ νεανία, δεῖ σε πιστεύειν τοῖς μὴ ἡμαρτηκόσιν.

Young man, you must trust those who have not erred.

11. ζωγράφων εἰσί που οἱ μὲν χείρους, οἱ δὲ πολλῷ ἀμείνονες.

Of painters, I suppose, some are worse while others are much better.

12. ὦ ῥῆτορ, σοί γε τὸν ἥττω λόγον οὐ κρείττω ποιητέα.

Orator, you, at least, must not make the weaker argument stronger.

13. οὐκ οἶδεν εἰ ταῦτα τοῖς ἄρχουσι δοκεῖ.

He does not know if these things seem best to the rulers.

14. πλεῖστοι τῶν νόμων ὧν ἐθέμεθα κεῖνται καὶ νῦν. συνίεμεν γὰρ καὶ τότε ὅπως δέοι τοιαύτης γε πόλεως ἄρχειν.

Most of the laws which we set down are in place also now. For even then we understood how one ought to rule a city of this kind.

15. θυσίαν δὴ ποιησόμεθα πάντων τῶν ζῴων ὅσων ἂν πέμψῃς αὐτή.

We shall, of course, perform a sacrifice of all the animals that you yourself send.

16. δέον μαχέσασθαι, ὦ ἄφρον ὁπλῖτα, ἔφυγες.

When it was necessary to fight, (you) foolish hoplite, you were running away.

17. ἆρα δεῖ με τούτων τῶν ἀμαθῶν ἀκούειν; ἀπόκριναι, ὦ ἄδελφε.

Must I listen to these ignoramuses? Answer, brother.

18. βασιλεῖ δὴ πειστέον. κρείττων γὰρ βασιλεύς.

A king, of course, must be obeyed. For a king is stronger.

19. εἴθε ἀεὶ ἐτρέπομεν τὰς τῶν παίδων φύσεις πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθόν.

If only we were always turning the natures of the boys toward the good.

20. οἵτινες ἂν τοῖς ἀμείνοσι φαίνωνται μὴ πρὸς αἰσχρὰ τὸν νοῦν τρέποντες, τοιοῦτοι ῥᾷστα τῆς πόλεως ἄρξουσιν.

Whoever appears to the better men as not turning his mind to shameful things, such a sort will most easily rule the city.

21. τούτῳ γε τῷ ῥήτορι χρυσὸν δοῦναι οὔ σε δεῖ, ὦ ἄδελφε. ἐγὼ γὰρ χρήματ’ οὐκ ὀλίγα δώσω.

You do not need to give gold to this orator, brother. For I will give [him] not a little money.

22. χρὴ ὑμᾶς γε τοὺς γέροντας ὡς σωφρονεστάτους εἶναι.

You old men, at least, ought to be as wise as possible.

23. τοὺς νόμους τοὺς κειμένους οὐ καταλυτέον.

One must not destroy the established laws.

24. ἔφησθά που τὸ δίκαιον τόδ’ εἶναι. τὸν κρείττω τοῦ ἥττονος ἄρχειν καὶ πλέον ἔχειν.

You were saying, I suppose, that the just is this: that the stronger rules and has more than the weaker.

25. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ μάχῃ ἔδει τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις καὶ ἐμπειρίας καὶ σωφροσύνης.

In that battle the Athenians lacked both experience and moderation.

26. πολλοὶ μὲν οἱ νοῦν οὐκ ἔχοντες, ὀλίγοι δὲ οἱ σοφοί.

Those who do not have sense are many, while the wise are few.

27. εἰ συνῄδη ἐμαυτῇ αἴσχιστα πεποιηκυίᾳ, οὐκ ἂν ἔχαιρον ἐν ἄστει μετὰ τῶν φίλων παραμένουσα.

If I was aware that I had done the most shameful things, I would not be rejoicing with my friends staying behind in the city.

28. ὅσους ἀφῆκεν ὁ βασιλεὺς πεφεύγασι πρὸς τὸν λιμένα ὡς εἰς ναῦς τινάς πως ἀναβησόμενοι. φόβος γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς μὴ τάχιστα τελευτῷεν ὑπ’ ἐκείνων ὧν οἶσθά που καὶ σύ.

All those whom the king sent away have run away to the harbor in order to board somehow some ships. For they had a fear that they might die very quickly at the hand of those (men) whom you also know, I suppose.

29. οἱ κακίονες μόνον τόδ’ ἐζήτουν, ὁπόθεν ἐξ ἐλαττόνων χρημάτων πλείω ἔσται.

The worse [kind of people] used to seek only this: from where there will be more money out of less.

30. ἐφοβεῖσθε μὴ θάττονες ὦσιν αἱ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων νῆες τῶν ὑμετέρων.

You were afraid that the Spartan ships were faster than yours.

31. ἀφικομένων τῶν συμμάχων, οἱ τεθνεῶτες ἔκειντο ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ.

After the allies (had) arrived, the dead were laid down in the plain.

32. ἔδοξέ μοι οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ δοκεῖν μὲν εἶναι σοφὸς ἄλλοις τε πολλοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ μάλιστα ἑαυτῷ, εἶναι δ’ οὔ.

This man seemed to me to seem to be wise both to many other men and most of all to himself, but not to be (wise).

33. μὴ εὑροῦσαι τἀληθῆ, ὦ ἀμαθεῖς, οὐ ζητήσεθ’ ὡς ἄρισται γενέσθαι. νῦν γὰρ αἴσχισθ’ ἁμαρτάνετε.

If you do not discover the truth, (you) ignorant women, you will not seek to become as good as possible. For now you make the most shameful mistakes.

34. νῦν δὴ ἐπὶ τὰ μείζω τραπώμεθα. ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα συνεῖμεν.

Let us now, in fact, turn ourselves over to greater things. For we understand all these things.

1. We must conquer the enemy.

(α) οἱ πολέμιοι νικητέοι (εἰσὶν) ἡμῖν.

(β) ἡμῖν τοὺς πολεμίους νικητέον ἐστίν.

(γ) δεῖ ἡμᾶς τοὺς πολεμίους νικῆσαι.

2. I learned by inquiry how much better a poet Aristophanes was than Euripides.

ἐπυθόμην ὅσον ἀμείνονα ποιητὴν ὄντα Ἀριστοφάνη τοῦ Εὐριπίδου.

3. These orators must speak as beautifully as possible so as to persuade those hearing.

δεῖ τούτους τοὺς ῥήτορας ὅτι κάλλιστα λέγειν ὥστε πείθειν (πεῖσαι) τοὺς ἀκουόντας.